Purified hemoglobin was modified with pyridoxal 5-phosphate(PLP) and polymerized with glutaric dialdehyde(GDA) to get the products. By comparison of the physical, chemical and biological properties of different procedures for modification before and after polymerization, there is no significant difference in molecular distribution, methemoglobin(MetHb) concentration, oxygen carrier capacity, P50 and spectra. Furthermore, the procedure of modification after polymerization can save PLP greatly and decrease cost greatly. So the procedure of modification after polymerization is a better way in research and production. The addition of GDA could control the increasing of MetHb. By comparison on the physical, chemical and biological properties of different procedures, there is no significant difference in molecular distribution, MetHb concentration, oxygen carrier capacity and spectra between the procedure of adding GDA before PLP and that after PLP. But the P50 of adding GDA before PLP is much lower than that after PLP. So the procedure of adding GDA after PLP is a better way.
Blood Substitutes ; Chemical Phenomena ; Glutaral ; chemistry ; Hemoglobins ; chemistry ; Humans ; Methemoglobin ; chemistry ; Pyridoxal Phosphate ; analogs & derivatives ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo investigate role of exocrine cells in the pancreatic enhancement images at Manganese (II) N, N'-dipyridoxylethlenediamine-N, N'-diacetate 5, 5'-bisc (Mn-DPDP)-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging.

METHODSArtificial pancreatic leakage was constructed in six dogs using a fistula tube inserted into the duodenum papillae. Pancreatic juice was collected before and after intravenous infusion of 2 ml/kg of Mn-DPDP at a rate of 2 - 3 ml/min. The Mn content of pancreatic juice was measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy. T(1)-weighted spin-echo images and T(1)-weighted spoiled phase gradient-echo (SPGR) images were obtained prior and approximately 30 min after the administration of Mn-DPDP at 1.5T.

RESULTSThe Mn content of pancreatic secretion increased 60.47 +/- 21.83 micro g/dl after the administration of Mn-DPDP (t = 6.785, P < 0.01). The signal/noise ratio (S/N) of the pancreas increased 53 percent +/- 49 percent and 62 percent +/- 44% on T(1)W spin echo images and SPGR images, respectively.

CONCLUSIONSExocrine cells of the pancreas can absorb manganese and excrete it through the pancreatic juice. Exocrine cells play an important role in the enhancement of the pancreas in MR imaging with Mn-DPDP.

Animals ; Contrast Media ; Dogs ; Edetic Acid ; analogs & derivatives ; pharmacokinetics ; Image Enhancement ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Manganese ; pharmacokinetics ; Pancreas ; anatomy & histology ; metabolism ; Pyridoxal Phosphate ; analogs & derivatives ; pharmacokinetics

Poly-hemoglobin is the active component of hemoglobin-based blood substitutes. The excess reactivity of glutaraldehyde with hemoglobin in solution leads to poly-hemoglobin of a wide molecular weight distribution and a high average molecular weight. A new polymerization method has been tested to decrease the molecular weight distribution and the average molecular weight. The poly-hemoglobin with lower degree of modification (polymerization) was found enriched on the cation exchange columns and further polymerized with glutaraldehyde. The poly-hemoglobin of narrower molecular weight distribution has been prepared in this way.
Blood Substitutes ; chemical synthesis ; chemistry ; Chromatography, Ion Exchange ; methods ; Hemoglobins ; chemical synthesis ; chemistry ; Humans ; Pyridoxal Phosphate ; analogs & derivatives ; chemical synthesis ; chemistry

Present study demonstrated that fibrillar beta-amyloid peptide (fAbeta(1-42)) induced ATP release, which in turn activated NADPH oxidase via the P2X(7) receptor (P2X(7)R). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in fAbeta(1-42)-treated microglia appeared to require Ca2+ influx from extracellular sources, because ROS generation was abolished to control levels in the absence of extracellular Ca2+. Considering previous observation of superoxide generation by Ca2+ influx through P2X(7)R in microglia, we hypothesized that ROS production in fAbeta-stimulated microglia might be mediated by ATP released from the microglia. We therefore examined whether fAbeta(1-42)-induced Ca2+ influx was mediated through P2X(7)R activation. In serial experiments, we found that microglial pretreatment with the P2X(7)R antagonists Pyridoxal-phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'- disulfonate (100 micrometer) or oxidized ATP (100 micrometer) inhibited fAbeta-induced Ca2+ influx and reduced ROS generation to basal levels. Furthermore, ATP efflux from fAbeta(1-42)-stimulated microglia was observed, and apyrase treatment decreased the generation of ROS. These findings provide conclusive evidence that fAbeta-stimulated ROS generation in microglial cells is regulated by ATP released from the microglia in an autocrine manner.
Adenosine Triphosphate/*metabolism ; Amyloid beta-Protein/*pharmacology ; Animals ; Autocrine Communication/*drug effects/physiology ; Cells, Cultured ; Microglia/*drug effects ; Peptide Fragments/*pharmacology ; Pyridoxal Phosphate/analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reactive Oxygen Species/*metabolism ; Receptors, Purinergic P2/physiology

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of Mangafodipir trisodium (Mn-DPDP) -enhanced MR cholangiogrphy (MRC) and Gadobenate dimeglumine (Gd-BOPTA) -enhanced MRC in visualizing a non-dilated biliary system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty-eight healthy liver donor candidates underwent contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MRC. Mn-DPDP and Gd-BOPTA was used in 36 and 52 patients, respectively. Two radiologists reviewed the MR images and rated the visualization of the common duct, the right and left hepatic ducts, and the second-order branches using a 4-point scale. The contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of the common duct to the liver in the two groups was also compared. RESULTS: Mn-DPDP MRC and Gd-BOPTA MRC both showed similar visualization grades in the common duct (p = .380, Mann-Whitney U test). In the case of the proximal bile ducts, the median visualization grade was significantly higher with Gd-BOPTA MRC than with Mn-DPDP MRC (right hepatic duct: p = 0.016, left hepatic duct: p = 0.014, right secondary order branches: p = 0.006, left secondary order branches, p = 0.003). The common duct-to-liver CNR of the Gd-BOPTA MRC group was significantly higher (38.90+/-24.50) than that of the Mn-DPDP MRC group (24.14+/-17.98) (p = .003, Student's t test). CONCLUSION: Gd-BOPTA, as a biliary contrast agent, is a potential substitute for Mn-DPDP.
Pyridoxal Phosphate/*analogs & derivatives/diagnostic use ; Organometallic Compounds/*diagnostic use ; Middle Aged ; Meglumine/*analogs & derivatives/diagnostic use ; Male ; *Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Humans ; Hepatic Duct, Common/anatomy & histology ; Female ; Feasibility Studies ; Edetic Acid/*analogs & derivatives/diagnostic use ; *Contrast Media ; Common Bile Duct/anatomy & histology ; Bile Ducts/*anatomy & histology ; Aged ; Adult