Phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging techniques can be used to evaluate the to-and-fro motion of cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) throughout CSF pathways between the ventricles and subarachnoid space of the brain and spine. This CSF motion is due to transmitted cardiac pulsation from systolic expansion of the cerebral hemispheres. To cover the entire cardiac cycle, peripheral cardiac triggering was used. Using this technique, we analyzed quantitative CSF motion over a cardiac cycle to distinguish normal CSF flow from that seen in hydrocephalus. We tested the reproducibility of the aqueductal CSF signal intensity on a phase contrast cine MR sequence in 28 patients with normal ventricle. Sixteen patients with obstructive hydrocephalus and 11 patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus(NPH) were investigated with the sequence before and after CSF diversion. The peak CSF flow velocity in aqueduct was significantly increased in patients with NPH and significantly decreased in patients with obstructive hydrocephalus(NPH group: 6.71cm/sec, control group: 2.94cm/sec, obstructive group; less than 1.0cm/sec). After LP shunting in NPH group, retrograde flow signal curves were anterogradely converted and the peak flow velocities were somewhat decreased(mean: 5.10cm/sec). The clinical diagnosis of NPH was well correlated with the results of cine MRI. After endoscopic third ventriculostomy in obstructive group, we could note increased CSF flow velocity both at prepontine cistern and precordal subarachnoid space with markedly increased flow at prepontine cistern. Phase contrast cine MRI is useful in evaluatng the CSF dynamics in patients with hyperdynamic aqueductal CSF (NPH) or aqueductal obstruction(obstructive hydrocephalus).
Brain ; Cerebrospinal Fluid* ; Cerebrum ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Hydrocephalus ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine ; Spine ; Subarachnoid Space ; Ventriculostomy

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) causes severe cases of human respiratory disease. The current outbreak of infection with this virus in South Korea, which began on May 20, 2015, has infected 186 patients and caused 36 deaths within 2 months. In this study, to investigate the viral pathogen causing acute respiratory infections, multiplex/RT-PCR was performed on were obtained from nucleic acid of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-negative subjects. Viruses and atypical bacteria were detected in 39 of 337 (11.6%). Frequent viruses were human rhinovirus (n=11, 3.3%), human metapneumovirus (n=9, 2.7%), parainfluenza (n=9, 2.7%) and adenovirus (n=4, 1.2%). Mycoplasma pneumonia (M. pneumonia) was detected in 1.8 % (n=6). Out of 9 human metapneumovirus (hMPV) positive samples, 6 samples were successfully sequenced using F gene. And M. pneumoniae was sequencing of a repetitive region of the P1 gene. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that hMPV clustered into A2b lineage (n=4), B2 lineage (n=2) and M. pneumoniae clustered into two genotypes: Type 1 (n=4), Type 2a (n=2).
Adenoviridae ; Bacteria ; Genotype ; Humans ; Korea ; Metapneumovirus ; Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus ; Middle East* ; Paramyxoviridae Infections ; Pneumonia ; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; Rhinovirus

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) causes severe cases of human respiratory disease. The current outbreak of infection with this virus in South Korea, which began on May 20, 2015, has infected 186 patients and caused 36 deaths within 2 months. In this study, to investigate the viral pathogen causing acute respiratory infections, multiplex/RT-PCR was performed on were obtained from nucleic acid of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-negative subjects. Viruses and atypical bacteria were detected in 39 of 337 (11.6%). Frequent viruses were human rhinovirus (n=11, 3.3%), human metapneumovirus (n=9, 2.7%), parainfluenza (n=9, 2.7%) and adenovirus (n=4, 1.2%). Mycoplasma pneumonia (M. pneumonia) was detected in 1.8 % (n=6). Out of 9 human metapneumovirus (hMPV) positive samples, 6 samples were successfully sequenced using F gene. And M. pneumoniae was sequencing of a repetitive region of the P1 gene. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that hMPV clustered into A2b lineage (n=4), B2 lineage (n=2) and M. pneumoniae clustered into two genotypes: Type 1 (n=4), Type 2a (n=2).
Adenoviridae ; Bacteria ; Genotype ; Humans ; Korea ; Metapneumovirus ; Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus ; Middle East* ; Paramyxoviridae Infections ; Pneumonia ; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; Rhinovirus