The incidence of a surgical mastoiditis developing from acute otitis meida (AOM) has been decreased, But otitis media should still be considered a potentially dangerous disease because the clinical course is less predictable now than in the past. Significant and life-threatening complications may occur, including acute coalescent mastoiditis, intracranial complications, facial paralysis, subperiosteal abscess, etc. Incidence of otogenic cerebellar abscess has decreased, But the mortality rate in the literature is still high. There have been no reports in the Korean literature on acute coalescent mastoiditis with otogenic cerebellar abscess due to acute otitis media, but recently, we encountered a patient experiencing an acute coalecent mastoiditis, a supparative labyrinthitis and an otogenic cerebellar abscess due to acute otitis media all at the same time. Although the patient was treated with parenteral antibiotics, mastoidectomy, labyrinthectomy, and excision of the abscess via craniotomy, he passed away on the 62nd days after craniotomy. We report this case with a review of literature.
Abscess* ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Craniotomy ; Ear, Inner ; Facial Paralysis ; Humans ; Incidence ; Labyrinthitis ; Mastoid* ; Mastoiditis* ; Mortality ; Otitis Media* ; Otitis*

Objective: To evaluate the completeness of the reporting of systematic reviews and meta-analyses published in a general radiology journal using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four articles (systematic review and meta-analysis, n = 18; systematic review only, n = 6) published between August 2009 and September 2021 in the Korean Journal of Radiology were analyzed. Completeness of the reporting of main texts and abstracts were evaluated using the PRISMA 2020 statement. For each item in the statement, the proportion of studies that met the guidelines’ recommendation was calculated and items that were satisfied by fewer than 80% of the studies were identified. The review process was conducted by two independent reviewers. Results: Of the 42 items (including sub-items) in the PRISMA 2020 statement for main text, 24 were satisfied by fewer than 80% of the included articles. The 24 items were grouped into eight domains: 1) assessment of the eligibility of potential articles, 2) assessment of the risk of bias, 3) synthesis of results, 4) additional analysis of study heterogeneity, 5) assessment of non-reporting bias, 6) assessment of the certainty of evidence, 7) provision of limitations of the study, and 8) additional information, such as protocol registration. Of the 12 items in the abstract checklists, eight were incorporated in fewer than 80% of the included publications. Conclusion Several items included in the PRISMA 2020 checklist were overlooked in systematic review and meta-analysis articles published in the Korean Journal of Radiology. Based on these results, we suggest a double-check list for improving the quality of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Authors and reviewers should familiarize themselves with the PRISMA 2020 statement and check whether the recommended items are fully satisfied prior to publication.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the safety and efficacy of radioembolization with that of sorafenib for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with portal vein tumor thrombosis (PVTT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases were searched for studies reporting outcomes in patients with HCC and PVTT treated with radioembolization or sorafenib. Meta-analyses of cumulative overall survival (OS) and Kaplan-Meier survival rates according to the time to progression (TTP) and incidence of adverse events (AEs) were performed. Subgroup analyses were conducted on 1-year OS data. RESULTS: Seventeen studies were identified (four involving radioembolization, 10 involving sorafenib, and three comparing both). Pooled OS rates were higher in the radioembolization group, notably at 6 months {76% (95% confidence interval [CI], 64–85%) vs. 54% (95% CI, 45–62%)} and 1 year (47% [95% CI, 38–57%] vs. 24% [95% CI, 18–30%]); TTP was also longer with radioembolization. In patients undergoing radioembolization, the proportion of patients with Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group status 0 (p < 0.0001), Child-Pugh A (p < 0.0001), extrahepatic metastasis (p = 0.0012), and a history of cancer treatment (p = 0.0048) was identified as a significant source of heterogeneity for the 1-year OS. Radioembolization was associated with a lower incidence of grade 3/4 AEs than sorafenib (9% [95% CI, 3–27%] vs. 28% [95% CI, 17–43%]). CONCLUSION: Compared with sorafenib, radioembolization is a safer and more effective treatment for HCC with PVTT and is associated with prolonged survival, delayed tumor progression, and fewer grade 3/4 AEs.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; Humans ; Incidence ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Population Characteristics ; Portal Vein ; Survival Rate ; Thrombosis

A rare case, 49 year old man, of cerebellar infarction with occurrence of the sudden deafness was reported. On the otoneurological examination, hearing test and calroric test showed deafness and 19% vestibular hypofunction on the right side respectively. Mild vertigo was noticed, but spontaneous nystagmus was not observed. Cerebellar function test was intact. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed the acute cerebellar infarction in the area of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) on the right side. After 7 days heparinization treatment, hearing threshold was much improved. An early recovery of hearing loss may be attributable to the recanalized circulation disturbance or the developement of collateral circulation.
Arteries* ; Collateral Circulation ; Deafness ; Hearing ; Hearing Loss ; Hearing Loss, Sudden* ; Hearing Tests ; Heparin ; Humans ; Infarction* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Middle Aged ; Vertigo

Lou Gehrig's disease, also called amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, is a chronic progressive motor neuron disease of an unknown etiology, characterized by upper and lower motor neuron degeneration with a resultant progressive weakness of bulbar muscles or the extremities. The early symptoms may include twitching, cramping, muscle weakness of distal extremities and slurred nasal speech. Rhinolalia aperta is abnormal speech attributable to inadequate velopharyngeal closure. Hypernasality is thequality of voice in which the emission of air through the nose is excessive due to velopharyngeal insufficiency so that the voice is highpitched and speech intelligibility deteriorates. We experienced a rare case of Lou Gehrig's disease presenting with rhinolia aperta in its early stage. We report the case with a literature review.
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ; Extremities ; Motor Neuron Disease ; Motor Neurons ; Muscle Cramp ; Muscle Weakness ; Muscles ; Nose ; Speech Disorders ; Speech Intelligibility ; Velopharyngeal Insufficiency ; Voice

Purpose: To evaluate the applicability of Greulich-Pyle (GP) standards to bone age (BA) assessment in healthy Korean children using manual and deep learning-based methods. Materials and Methods: We collected 485 hand radiographs of healthy children aged 2–17 years (262 boys) between 2008 and 2017. Based on GP method, BA was assessed manually by two radiologists and automatically by two deep learning-based BA assessment (DLBAA), which estimated GP-assigned (original model) and optimal (modified model) BAs. Estimated BA was compared to chronological age (CA) using intraclass correlation (ICC), Bland-Altman analysis, linear regression, mean absolute error, and root mean square error. The proportion of children showing a difference >12 months between the estimated BA and CA was calculated. Results: CA and all estimated BA showed excellent agreement (ICC ≥0.978, p<0.001) and significant positive linear correlations (R2 ≥0.935, p<0.001). The estimated BA of all methods showed systematic bias and tended to be lower than CA in younger patients, and higher than CA in older patients (regression slopes ≤-0.11, p<0.001). The mean absolute error of radiologist 1, radiologist 2, original, and modified DLBAA models were 13.09, 13.12, 11.52, and 11.31 months, respectively. The difference between estimated BA and CA was >12 months in 44.3%, 44.5%, 39.2%, and 36.1% for radiologist 1, radiologist 2, original, and modified DLBAA models, respectively. Conclusion Contemporary healthy Korean children showed different rates of skeletal development than GP standard-BA, and systemic bias should be considered when determining children’s skeletal maturation.

Objective: Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy has shown activity against melanoma brain metastases. Recently, promising results have also been reported for ICI combination therapy and ICI combined with radiotherapy. We aimed to evaluate radiologic response and adverse event rates of these therapeutic options by a systematic review and meta-analysis. Materials and Methods: A systematic literature search of Ovid-MEDLINE and EMBASE was performed up to October 12, 2019 and included studies evaluating the intracranial objective response rates (ORRs) and/or disease control rates (DCRs) of ICI with or without radiotherapy for treating melanoma brain metastases. We also evaluated safety-associated outcomes. Results: Eleven studies with 14 cohorts (3 with ICI combination therapy; 5 with ICI combined with radiotherapy; 6 with ICI monotherapy) were included. ICI combination therapy {pooled ORR, 53% (95% confidence interval [CI], 44–61%); DCR, 57% (95% CI, 49–66%)} and ICI combined with radiotherapy (pooled ORR, 42% [95% CI, 31–54%]; DCR, 85% [95% CI, 63–95%]) showed higher local efficacy compared to ICI monotherapy (pooled ORR, 15% [95% CI, 11–20%]; DCR, 26% [95% CI, 21– 32%]). The grade 3 or 4 adverse event rate was significantly higher with ICI combination therapy (60%; 95% CI, 52–67%) compared to ICI monotherapy (11%; 95% CI, 8–17%) and ICI combined with radiotherapy (4%; 95% CI, 1–19%). Grade 3 or 4 central nervous system (CNS)-related adverse event rates were not different (9% in ICI combination therapy; 8% in ICI combined with radiotherapy; 5% in ICI monotherapy). Conclusion ICI combination therapy or ICI combined with radiotherapy showed better local efficacy than ICI monotherapy for treating melanoma brain metastasis. The grade 3 or 4 adverse event rate was highest with ICI combination therapy, and the CNS-related grade 3 or 4 event rate was similar. Prospective trials will be necessary to compare the efficacy of ICI combination therapy and ICI combined with radiotherapy.

Objective: Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy has shown activity against melanoma brain metastases. Recently, promising results have also been reported for ICI combination therapy and ICI combined with radiotherapy. We aimed to evaluate radiologic response and adverse event rates of these therapeutic options by a systematic review and meta-analysis. Materials and Methods: A systematic literature search of Ovid-MEDLINE and EMBASE was performed up to October 12, 2019 and included studies evaluating the intracranial objective response rates (ORRs) and/or disease control rates (DCRs) of ICI with or without radiotherapy for treating melanoma brain metastases. We also evaluated safety-associated outcomes. Results: Eleven studies with 14 cohorts (3 with ICI combination therapy; 5 with ICI combined with radiotherapy; 6 with ICI monotherapy) were included. ICI combination therapy {pooled ORR, 53% (95% confidence interval [CI], 44–61%); DCR, 57% (95% CI, 49–66%)} and ICI combined with radiotherapy (pooled ORR, 42% [95% CI, 31–54%]; DCR, 85% [95% CI, 63–95%]) showed higher local efficacy compared to ICI monotherapy (pooled ORR, 15% [95% CI, 11–20%]; DCR, 26% [95% CI, 21– 32%]). The grade 3 or 4 adverse event rate was significantly higher with ICI combination therapy (60%; 95% CI, 52–67%) compared to ICI monotherapy (11%; 95% CI, 8–17%) and ICI combined with radiotherapy (4%; 95% CI, 1–19%). Grade 3 or 4 central nervous system (CNS)-related adverse event rates were not different (9% in ICI combination therapy; 8% in ICI combined with radiotherapy; 5% in ICI monotherapy). Conclusion ICI combination therapy or ICI combined with radiotherapy showed better local efficacy than ICI monotherapy for treating melanoma brain metastasis. The grade 3 or 4 adverse event rate was highest with ICI combination therapy, and the CNS-related grade 3 or 4 event rate was similar. Prospective trials will be necessary to compare the efficacy of ICI combination therapy and ICI combined with radiotherapy.

This is a narrative review of various treatment modalities for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), with a focus on recent updates in radiological treatments, as well as novel treatment concepts related to immune checkpoint inhibitors and combination therapies with locoregional treatments. Interventional radiologists have made efforts toward developing alternative and/or combination treatments for first-line systemic treatment of patients with advanced HCC. Locoregional treatments with or without systemic therapy may be considered in the selected patients. Various treatment modalities for advanced HCC are emerging, and several randomized controlled trials, including those of combination treatments with immunotherapy, are ongoing.

It has been suggested that the role of neurogenic inflammation is to protect the airway from various noxious irritants in inhaled air. Repeated exposure to various irritating stimuli has become very common in daily life. However, the process that occurs in neurogenic inflammation after repeated exposure to irritating stimuli is not yet clearly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes of microvascular leakage in the airways after re-exposure to capsaicin in an experiment using a rat model challenged/rechallenged with capsaicin. Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups : a capsaicin-challenged group (10 microgram/kg of capsaicin, intravenous, n=6) and three capsaicin-rechallenged groups (10 microgram/kg of capsaicin, intravenous, n=6 in each group) corresponding to time intervals of 1, 3, or 6 hours after capsaicin-challenge. The amount of microvascular leakage in the nasal mucosa and trachea of the animal in each group was measured with extravasation of Evans blue dye (30 mg/kg, intravenous) using a spectrophotometer. In the nasal mucosa, a significant enhancement of microvascular leakage with capsaicin-rechallenge was observed at 3 hours after capsaicin-challenge (AVOVAR, * : p<0.01). However, there was no significant changes in the trachea. In conclusion, the protective mechanisms against repeated irritating stimuli in the nasal mucosa and trachea are different. After exposure to a noxious irritant, the airway defense mechanism mediated by an axon reflex in the nose may be up- regulated, while that in the trachea may not be changed.
Animals ; Axons ; Capsaicin* ; Evans Blue ; Irritants ; Models, Animal* ; Nasal Mucosa* ; Neurogenic Inflammation ; Nose ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reflex ; Trachea