Purpose: Additional surgery is recommended for patients after a non-curative endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) to prevent residual cancer (RC) or lymph node metastasis (LNM). We aimed to evaluate the clinicopathologic characteristics of patients who underwent an additional gastrectomy after a non-curative ESD procedure and identify the risk factors of RC and LNM. Methods: We retrospectively assessed the clinicopathological factors of 73 patients who underwent additional gastrectomy following a non-curative ESD between January 2009 and December 2019 at our center. Results: RC and LNM rates after additional gastrectomy were 9.6% and 8.2%, respectively. Invasion deeper than 500 μm (P = 0.045), positive horizontal resection margin (P < 0.001), and positive ESD margin (P = 0.001) were identified as statistically significant factors in univariate analysis for RC, but not in multivariate analysis. Lymphatic invasion was the only risk factor found to be significant in both univariate and multivariate analyses (P = 0.005 and P = 0.012). Conclusion Additional gastrectomy is necessary to prevent RC or LNM after non-curative ESD. Lymphatic invasion was also associated with LNM in patients who underwent an additional gastrectomy after a non-curative ESD, and in such cases, active treatment is required.

OBJECTIVES: We investigated the parenting stress and depressive mood of mothers with developmentally-delayed children and the effects of participation in a mother-child development promotion program on same. METHODS: Subjects were the mothers of 20 developmentally-delayed children. The severity of the mothers' parenting stress was evaluated via the Korean version of the Parenting Stress Index, Short Form (K-PSI-SF) and the severity of their depressive symptoms were evalueted by the Korean version of the Beck Depression Inventory (K-BDI). RESULTS: The mean K-PSI-SF score and mean K-BDI score for these mothers were 93.35 (SD=10.47) and 23.25 (SD=10.42), respectively. These scores correspond to high parenting stress and moderate depression. The mothers who participated in a mother-child attachment- promotion program showed significant decreases in their K-PSI-SF and KBDI scores. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that a mother-child attachment promotion program with emphasis on child development is effective in reducing parenting stress and depressive mood in mothers of developmentally-delayed children.
Child ; Child Development ; Depression ; Humans ; Mothers ; Parenting ; Parents

This study was conducted to investigate whether memory accuracy can be assessed by analyzing electrophysiological responses (i.e., electroencephalography [EEG]) for retrieval cues related to the witnessed scene. Specifically, we examined the different patterns of EEG signals recorded during witnessed (target) and unwitnessed (lure) stimuli using event-related potential (ERP) analysis. Moreover, using multivariate pattern analysis, we also assessed how accurately single-trial EEG signals can classify target and lure stimuli. Participants watched a staged-crime video (theft crime), and the EEG signals evoked by the objects shown in the video were analyzed (n=56). Compared to the target stimulus, the lure stimulus elicited larger negative ERPs in frontal brain regions 300 to 500 milliseconds after the retrieval cue was presented. Furthermore, the EEG signals observed 450 to 500 milliseconds after the retrieval cue was presented showed the best classification performance related to eyewitness memory, with the mean classification accuracy being 56%. These results suggest that the knowledge and techniques of cognitive neuroscience can be used to estimate eyewitness memory accuracy.

This study was conducted to investigate whether memory accuracy can be assessed by analyzing electrophysiological responses (i.e., electroencephalography [EEG]) for retrieval cues related to the witnessed scene. Specifically, we examined the different patterns of EEG signals recorded during witnessed (target) and unwitnessed (lure) stimuli using event-related potential (ERP) analysis. Moreover, using multivariate pattern analysis, we also assessed how accurately single-trial EEG signals can classify target and lure stimuli. Participants watched a staged-crime video (theft crime), and the EEG signals evoked by the objects shown in the video were analyzed (n=56). Compared to the target stimulus, the lure stimulus elicited larger negative ERPs in frontal brain regions 300 to 500 milliseconds after the retrieval cue was presented. Furthermore, the EEG signals observed 450 to 500 milliseconds after the retrieval cue was presented showed the best classification performance related to eyewitness memory, with the mean classification accuracy being 56%. These results suggest that the knowledge and techniques of cognitive neuroscience can be used to estimate eyewitness memory accuracy.
Brain ; Classification ; Cognitive Neuroscience ; Cues ; Electroencephalography ; Evoked Potentials ; Machine Learning ; Memory

Scaphocapitate fracture syndrome is a relatively uncommon variant of trans-scaphoid perilunte dislocation in which the head of the capitate is fractured and rotated 180 degrees. The incidence of the injury has not been documented, and no report has been issued in Korea since the lesion was originally described in 1937. Termed degrees naviculocapitate fracture syndrome " by Fenton in 1956, scaphocapitate fractures continue to pose problems at diagnosis and treatment. The author experienced one case of scaphocapitate fracture syndrome in the left wrist joint which was treated by open reduction and K-wire fixation.
Diagnosis ; Dislocations ; Head ; Incidence ; Korea ; Wrist Joint

PURPOSE: To assess regional cerebral blood volume and perfusion rate by MR imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Eight normal volunteers and one patient underwent MR imaging after bolus injection of a double dose ofgadoinium(0.2mMol/kg). Gradient-echo EPI pulse sequencing was used, with TR/TE 1500/40msec, flip angle 90o, matrixsize 256X128. One hundred sequential images at the same level were obtained. The time-signal intensity curve wasplotted and converted to a time-concentration ( R2) curve. Relative cerebral blood volume was determined, withintegration of time-concentration curve pixel by pixel. Perfusion rate was determined by calculating maximal slopeof the R2 curve and the time taken to attain this. RESULTS: On volume maps, clear differentiation of gray matter,white matter and major vessels was established. The mean gray and white matter ratio of blood volume was2.78+/-0.43. Slope and volume maps were similar, but in one patient perfusion was apparently greater on the ratemap than on the volume map. CONCLUSION: Cerebral blood volvme and slope map images reflect changes in cerebralhemodynamics. It is thought that these findings can be clinically applied to the determination of vascularity inbrain tumors and acute cerebral ischemia
Blood Volume* ; Brain Ischemia ; Healthy Volunteers ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Perfusion*

PURPOSE: We assessed prospectively the results of acute, isolated, posterior cruciate ligament injuries treated conservatively. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between August 1999 and December 2001, the study population consited of 11 patients. The patients were treated conservatively and were prescribed full extension long leg splint with posterior tibial support for 6 weeks and then posterior tibial support brace for another 6 weeks. Patients completed a subjective and objective evaluation at 6 weeks, 3 month, 6 month and each year for an average of 17.5 months. RESULTS: Two patients underwent reconstructive surgery because of combined posterolateral rotatory instability. The nine patients were treated conservatively, the mean Orthopadishe Arbeitsguppe Knie score was 93.2 points, International Knee Documentation Committee score in 5 patients was A and 4 patients was B. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that patients with acute, isolated posterior cruciate ligament injuries treated conservatively may get good clinical results, but we are planning a long term follow-up evaluation to reveal change in laxity, incidence of arthrosis and their correlation.
Braces ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Incidence ; Knee ; Leg ; Posterior Cruciate Ligament* ; Prospective Studies* ; Splints

Solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) is a rare neoplasm of mesenchymal origin, especially in the central nervous system (CNS). Reported herein is a case of SFT of CNS in a 63-year-old female patient who had confused mentality, without other neurological deficit. The brain MRI showed an ovoid mass in the right frontal lobe. The tumor was surgically removed grossly and totally, and the pathologic diagnosis was SFT. At 55 months after the surgery, the tumor recurred at the primary site and at an adjacent area. A second operation was thus done, and the tumor was again surgically removed grossly and totally. The pathologic diagnosis was the same as the previous, but the Ki-67 index was elevated. Ten months later, two small recurring tumors in the right frontal skull base were found in the follow-up MRI. It was decided that radiation therapy be done, and MRI was done again 3 months later. In the follow-up MRI, the size of the recurring mass was found to have decreased, and the patient did not manifest any significant symptom. Follow-up will again be done 18 months after the second surgery.
Brain ; Central Nervous System* ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Frontal Lobe ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Middle Aged ; Skull Base ; Solitary Fibrous Tumors*

PURPOSE: To compare ADC mapping with trace mapping in normal and infarct areas of the brains of strokepatients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighteen patients diagnosed on the basis of clinical and brain MRI examinationsas suffering from brain infarction were included in this study (hyperacute-1, acute-4, subacute-12, chronic-1).Diffusion weighted images of three orthogonal directions of a patient's brain were obtained by means of a singleshot EPI pulse sequence, using a diffusion gradient with four serial b-factors. Three ADC maps were thenreconstructed by post-image processing and were summed pixel by pixel to yield a trace map. ROIs were selected inthe normal areas of white matter, gray matter and CSF of one hemisphere, and other ROIs of the same size wereselected at the same site of the contralateral hemisphere. ADC and trace values were measured and right/leftratios of ADC and trace values were calculated. Using these values, we then compared the ADC map with the tracemap, and compared the degree of anisotropic diffusion between white matter, gray matter and CSF. Except for three,whose infarct lesions were small and lay over white and gray matter, patients were divided into two groups. Thosewith infarct in the white matter (n=10)were assigned to one group, and those with in-farct in the gray matter(n=5) to the other. ROIs were selected in the infarct area and other ROIs of the same size were selected at thesame site of the contralateral hemisphere. ADC and trace values were measured and infarct/contralateral ratioswere calculated. We then compared ADC ratio with trace ratio in white matter and gray matter infarct. RESULTS: Innormal white matter, the Dxx ratio was 0.980 +/-0.098, the Dyy ratio 1.019 +/-0.086, the Dzz ratio 0.999 +/-0.111,and the trace ratio 0.995 +/-0.031. In normal gray matter, the Dxx ratio was 1.001 +/-0 . 0 5 8 , the Dyy ratio0.996 +/-0.063, Dzz ratio 1.005 +/-0.070, and the trace ratio 1.001 +/-0.028. In CSF, the Dxx ratio was 1.002+/-0.064, the Dyy ratio 1.023 +/-0.055, the Dzz ratio 0.999 +/-0.060 and the trace ratio 1.007 +/-0 . 0 2 1. Becausethe standard deviation of trace ratios (<0.05) is less than that of ADC ratios (>0.05), the trace ratio is moreaccurate representative value. The standard deviation of white matter is greater than that of gray matter or CSF(p<0.05), the degree of anisotropic diffusion in white matter is therefore more severe than in gray matter andCSF. The difference between the ADC ratios and trace ratio is greater in an infarct involving white matter than inone involving gray matter (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Because a trace map overcomes the anisotropic diffusions of ADCmaps, the former offers better post-image processing. The deviation of ADC ratios owing to the direction ofdiffusion gradient is greater in white matter than in gray matter, and the trace map is thus superior forevaluation of an infarct involving white matter.
Brain Infarction ; Brain* ; Diffusion ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: An understanding of the cross-sectional structures and histological features of experimental animals is necessary for conducting the research of rhinosinusitis in experimental animals. The aim of this study is to determine the most suitable cross-sectional level of rhinosinusitis in a rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study examined the histological features of the mucosal epithelium, gland, lymphoid tissue, and vomeronasal organs using 4 week-old male rats weighing 60-70 g as test subjects. Whole mounted sinus-nose complexes were divided into four levels of areas which were sectioned according to the coronal plane and each section was stained with hematoxylin-eosin and observed under light microscopy. RESULTS: Level I revealed the nasal turbinate, maxilloturbinale, and nasolacrimal duct. Level II revealed the nasal turbinate, maxilloturbinale, vomeronasal organ, and nasolacrimal duct. Level III revealed the ectoturbinale I, II, endoturbinale II, III, maxillary sinus, Steno's gland, maxillary sinus gland, and nasal associated lymphoid tissue (NALT). Level IV revealed the ectoturbinale II, endoturbinale III, IV, pharyx respiratorius, and NALT. The lining epithelia were squamous, respiratory and olfactory. However, the squamous epithelium was not observed in level III and IV. CONCLUSION: The Level III appears to be the most suitable for the rhinosinusitis animal rat model since we can observe the respiratory epithelium lined sinonasal airspace including the maxillary sinus and NALT.
Animals ; Epithelium ; Humans ; Lymphoid Tissue ; Male ; Maxillary Sinus ; Microscopy ; Models, Animal ; Nasal Cavity* ; Nasolacrimal Duct ; Nose ; Paranasal Sinuses* ; Rats* ; Respiratory Mucosa ; Turbinates ; Vomeronasal Organ