The biological mineralization,which widely occurs in the nature.is a biological mineralization process.The remarkable characteristic of biological mineralization is that organic substances play template function for the inorganic materials formation.The resulted inorganic materials have definite shape.size and texture;it is well-known that biominerals are distinguished by a complexity of form well-suited to their functions.The formation of inorganic materials with special structure and properties is controlled by organic templates through biomimetic synthesis.Polymer iS one of the most applicable organic templates which control the nucleation,growth,and alignment of inorganic particles to produce Organic,inorganic hybrids with multistep architecture,special morphology and good properties in mild conditions. The progress of polymer application in biomimetic syntIlesis is reviewed.Problems and a perspective in this research field are alSO discussed

Objective: To understand the relationship between eye strain and eye health behavior in college students learning at home during the period of COVID-19 epidemic, and to provide a scientific reference for improving the hygiene of using eyes among the college students. Methods: A cross sectional study and stratified cluster sampling was used to select 2 671 college students from 8 colleges in Anhui Province during the March 1st to July 1st in 2020, and an online questionnaire was survey included general information,eye strain,and daily eye health behavior. Results: The prevalence of eye strain in college students was 69.64%. Multivariable Logistic regression analysis showed that eye strain was correlated with gender, myopia, siesta habit, staying up until 2:00 am, and the use of eye liquid, with OR values(95% CI ) were 0.64(0.53-0.76), 1.77(1.42- 2.20 ),0.71(0.59-0.86), 1.39(1.17-1.65), and 2.18(1.71-2.79), respectively. There was no correlation among daily outdoor activity time, daytime reading time and the occurrence of eye strain( P >0.05). Conclusion During the period of COVID-19 epidemic, eye strain among college students is common. The daily eye health behavior is related to the occurrence of eye strain. Under the special learning context, eye care measures should be encouraged specifically.

Objective: To explore the interaction effects and possible sex differences in childhood emotional overeating and polygenic influences on adolescent pubertal timing and tempo. Methods: In March 2016 (T0), all participants were recruited from grades 1 to 3 from two primary school of Bengbu, Anhui Province using cluster sampling, and follow up surveys were conducted once per year (T1, T2, T3). Emotional overeating was assessed at T1 and pubertal development was assessed annually (breast Tanner stage in girls and testicular volume in boys). The nonlinear growth model was used to estimate pubertal timing and tempo. Polygenic risk scores were calculated based on 17 SNPs for early pubertal timing. Hierarchical linear regression was performed to examine the interaction effects between childhood emotional overeating and polygenic risk scores on pubertal timing and tempo. Results: The complete data of 896 children were analyzed, including 373 boys (41.60%) and 523 girls (58.40%). A total of 203 (22.7%) children reported emotional overeating behavior at T1. After adjusting for several variables including early life adversity, delivery mode, and birthweight, only emotional overeating was associated with accelerated pubertal tempo among girls with a high genetic risk (B=0.19, 95%CI=0.07~0.32， P<0.01), although there was no association with pubertal timing (B=0.14, 95%CI=-0.12~0.41，P=0.28). In girls with a low genetic risk and boys, no evidence was found to support interaction effects between childhood emotional overeating and polygenic influences on pubertal timing and tempo (P＞0.05). Conclusion Emotional overeating was associated with a faster pubertal tempo in girls who had a high genetic risk of early pubertal development.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the relationship between traditional bullying, cyberbullying and depression in adolescents, with the involvement frequency and different roles considered.

METHODSA stratified cluster sampling method was used to randomly select 5 726 middle school students in three cities of Anhui province in December 2013. Those students were surveyed by self-designed questionnaire of adolescent health-related behaviors in Anhui province. Self-reports on the general demographic information, physical, verbal, relational bullying and cyberbullying involvement and depression were collected. Additionally, the items assessing depression were based on Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS). The chi-square test used to compare prevalent rates of bullying involvement and depression in different groups of students with different demographic features. Multinomial logistic regressions were performed to explore the relationships between all four types of bullying and depression, after controlling confounders.

RESULTSWe got a final effective sample of 5 726 student. The response rate was 99.4% in this study. Among 5 726 adolescents, the prevalence rates of bullying in the last two months were 23.4% (1 339/5 726) physically, 55.0% (3 147/5 726) verbally, 34.2% (1 958/5 726) socially, and 8.9% (512/5 726) electronically. The prevalence rate of depression was 64.8% (3 711/5 726). The detection rate was higher in participants who involved in physical, verbal, relational, and cyber bullying than those who not involved in bullying. After controlling the confounding factors, the different frequency and role of verbal and relational bullying were risk factors of depression (OR = 1.42-3.71, all P values < 0.001). As for physical bullying, except for occasional bully-victims (OR = 1.08, 95% CI: 0.79-1.49), others were more likely to be depressed than noninvolved students. (OR = 1.40-7.84, all P values < 0.001). Frequent involvement in cyberbullying as bullies and (or) victims were more likely to be depressed than noninvolved students (OR = 2.30-4.55, all P values < 0.001), but occasional involvement in cyberbullying as bullies and (or) victims were not the risk factors of adolescents' depression (OR = 1.39, 95% CI:0.97-1.99; OR = 1.58, 95% CI: 0.88-2.82; OR = 1.50, 95% CI:0.82-2.74).

CONCLUSIONInvolvement in physical, verbal, relational, and cyberbullying were risk factors for depression among adolescent students.

Adolescent ; Bullying ; Depression ; Humans ; Internet ; Logistic Models ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Students ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Objective To grasp the distribution of iodine in drinking water in the environment of Hainan Province,and provide scientific basis for prevention and treatment of iodine deficiency disorders.Methods In 2017,in all cities (counties,districts) in Hainan Province,townships were used as units to collect water samples to detect iodine content according to their different water supply methods.In the townships with median drinking water iodine ＞ 10 μg/L,the administrative village (neighborhood committee) was used as a unit to collect water sample to detect iodine content.According to the geographical location (central mountainous area,eastern coast,western coast),water source type (tap water,intubation well,spring water),and well depth,the distribution of water iodine was analyzed.Results A total of 2 566 water samples were detected in 21 cities (counties,districts),the median water iodine was 6.0 μg/L,range was 0.1-150.6 μg/L,the median water iodine of all cities (counties,districts) was ＜ 10 μg/L.The median water iodine in the central mountainous area,eastern coast,and western coast were 3.3,6.5,6.5 μg/L,respectively;tap water,intubation well,and spring water were 5.6,6.4,1.3 μg/L,respectively;0-,100-,200-,≥300 m well depth were 6.6,5.1,4.2,and 1.5 μg/L,respectively.The water iodine content range was 0.2-17.9 μg/L in 230 townships in the province,there were 12 townships with the median water iodine ＞ 10 μg/L,including 133 administrative villages (neighborhood committees),and 737 water samples were detected,the water iodine content range was 1.0-37.1 μg/L.Conclusions All cities (counties,districts) in Hainan Province belong to iodine deficiency areas,the central mountainous area is even more serious.Most of the townships in the province are in iodine deficiency.No administrative villages (neighborhood committeea) with high iodine have been found.The province should continue to implement salt iodization to prevent and treat iodine deficiency disorders.

Objective:To understand the iodine nutritional status of key population and its correlation with water iodine and salt iodine in Hainan Province, and to provide scientific basis for iodine supplement.Methods:According to the "National Water Iodine Content Survey Program for Drinking Water" and the "National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Surveillance Program (2016)", surveys on water iodine and iodine nutritional status of key populations in 21 cities (counties, districts) in Hainan Province in 2017 and 2018 were conducted. Water samples, urine samples at random and home salt samples of children aged 8 - 10 years old and pregnant women were collected to detect water iodine, urinary iodine and salt iodine. At the same time, the thyroid volume of children was measured by B-mode ultrasound, and the goiter rate was calculated. According to the geographical location, Hainan Province was divided into 3 areas: central mountainous, western coastal and eastern coastal, the results of water iodine, salt iodine and urinary iodine in different areas were compared and analyzed. Water iodine was detected by "Water Iodine Detection Method Suitable for Iodine Deficiency and High Iodine Areas" recommended by National Reference Laboratory for Iodine Deficiency Disorders; urinary iodine was detected by arsenic cerium catalytic spectrophotometry; salt iodine was detected by direct titration.Results:A total of 2 566 water samples were detected, and the median water iodine was 6.0 μg/L. A total of 4 220 urine samples of children were detected, the median urinary iodine was 170.0 μg/L (appropriate range was 100 - 199 μg/L), the goiter rate was 0.09% (4/4 220). A total of 2 124 urine samples of pregnant women were detected, the median urinary iodine was 120.7 μg/L (appropriate range was 150 - 249 μg/L). A total of 6 344 salt samples were detected, coverage rate of iodized salt, qualified rate of iodized salt and consumption rate of qualified iodized salt were 97.76% (6 202/6 344), 97.47% (6 045/6 202), and 95.29% (6 045/6 344), respectively. In central mountainous, western coastal and eastern coastal areas, medians water iodine were 3.3, 6.5, and 6.5 μg/L, respectively, the difference was statistically significant ( H = 13.721, P < 0.01); the consumption rates of qualified iodized salt were 97.86% (1 833/1 873), 90.52% (1 613/1 782), and 96.65% (2 599/2 689), respectively, the difference was statistically significant (χ 2 = 71.217, P < 0.01); the medians urinary iodine of children were 182.4, 160.1, and 167.4 μg/L, respectively; the medians urinary iodine of pregnant women were 120.1, 117.7, and 103.9 μg/L, respectively. There was a positive correlation between urinary iodine in children and pregnant women and salt iodine ( r = 0.394, 0.657, P < 0.05). Conclusions:The iodine nutrition of children in Hainan Province is generally at an appropriate level, and pregnant women are at risk of iodine deficiency. There is a positive correlation between urinary iodine in children and pregnant women and salt iodine. The prevention and treatment of iodine deficiency disorders should focus on strengthening iodine nutrition monitoring of pregnant women.

BACKGROUND:In recent years,epidemiological studies have shown that sleep patterns are risk factors for osteoarthritis,but the causal relationship between sleep characteristics and osteoarthritis remains unknown. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the causal relationship between seven sleep phenotypes and osteoarthritis,thereby providing a theoretical foundation for clinical prevention and intervention of osteoarthritis. METHODS:Seven sleep-related features,namely sleep duration,wake-up time,daytime napping,morning/evening preference,snoring,insomnia,and hypersomnia,were selected from published genome-wide association studies.Instrumental variables for these sleep-related features were extracted.Instrumental variables for knee osteoarthritis and hip osteoarthritis were obtained from publicly available genome-wide association studies.Causal relationships between sleep characteristics and outcome risks were evaluated using two-sample and multivariable Mendelian randomization analyses.The inverse variance weighted method was employed as the primary Mendelian randomization approach.Various methods,including weighted median,weighted mode,Mendelian randomization-Egger regression,Mendelian randomization pleiotropy-residual sum and outlier,were utilized to detect and correct for the presence of pleiotropy. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The results of the inverse variance-weighted method in the two-sample Mendelian randomization study revealed a detrimental causal association between the duration of sleep and the incidence risk of knee osteoarthritis[odds ratio(OR)=0.621,95%confidence interval(CI):0.470-0.822,P=0.001].Concurrently,insomnia displayed a positive causal connection with hip osteoarthritis risk(OR=2.016,95%CI:1.249-3.254,P=0.005).Sensitivity analysis affirmed the robustness of these causal relationships,and Mendelian randomization-Egger intercept analysis found no evidence of potential horizontal pleiotropy(knee osteoarthritis:P=0.468,hip osteoarthritis:P=0.551).Moreover,the results from the multivariable Mendelian randomization analysis showed that the causal association between insomnia and hip osteoarthritis lacked statistical significance(P=0.715).In contrast,sleep duration exhibited a direct negative causal relationship with the incidence risk of knee osteoarthritis(OR=0.526,95%CI:0.336-0.824,P=0.005).Reverse Mendelian randomization analysis indicated that knee osteoarthritis did not influence sleep duration(P=0.757).These findings indicate a negative correlation between sleep duration and incidence risk of knee osteoarthritis,suggesting that correcting insufficient sleep might mitigate the incidence risk of knee osteoarthritis.

Knee osteoarthritis （KOA） is a common degenerative joint disease characterized primarily by the degeneration and damage of knee joint cartilage， accompanied by osteophyte formation and inflammation. In recent years， the prevalence of KOA has been increasing globally， significantly impacting the quality of life patients. However， the pathogenesis of KOA remains not fully understood， and current treatment methods are limited. Therefore， finding new therapeutic strategies is a research hotspot. Previous studies have found that the onset of KOA is related to abnormal mitochondrial regulation. Mitochondria， functioning as secondary messengers， play crucial roles in cellular respiration， reactive oxygen species （ROS） generation， and adenosine triphosphate （ATP） production through oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondrial quality control is a pivotal mechanism for maintaining the morphology， quantity， and quality of mitochondria. The connection between mitochondrial quality control and the pathogenesis of KOA involves several factors， such as mitochondrial oxidative stress， mitophagy， imbalances in mitochondrial biogenesis， abnormal mitochondrial dynamics （fission and fusion）， and dysregulation of calcium ions. Metabolic abnormalities in the body lead to mitochondrial structural damage， which in turn contributes to the onset and progression of KOA. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） has made some progress in intervening in mitochondrial quality control， employing multi-faceted， multi-pathway， and multi-target strategies to treat KOA. Several studies have shown that mitochondrial quality control may be one of the therapeutic targets of TCM in treating KOA. However， there is currently a lack of comprehensive reviews summarizing the TCM interventions in mitochondrial quality control for treating KOA. This paper systematically reviewed the research progress in TCM treatment of KOA based on five aspects of mitochondrial quality control， aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the clinical prevention and treatment of KOA.