Trauma-induced pulmonary thromboembolism is the second leading cause of death in severe trauma patients. Primary fibrinolytic hyperactivity combined with hemorrhage and consequential hypercoagulability in severe trauma patients create a huge challenge for clinicians. It is crucial to ensure a safe anticoagulant therapy for trauma patients, but a series of clinical issues need to be answered first, for example, what are the risk factors for traumatic venous thromboembolism? How to assess and determine the status of coagulation dysfunction of patients? When is the optimal timing to initiate pharmacologic prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism? What types of prophylactic agents should be used? How to manage the anticoagulation-related hemorrhage and to determine the optimal timing of restarting chemoprophylaxis? The present review attempts to answer the above questions.
Anticoagulants/adverse effects* ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Pulmonary Embolism/prevention & control* ; Risk Factors ; Venous Thromboembolism/prevention & control*

Humans ; Venous Thromboembolism/prevention & control* ; Anticoagulants/therapeutic use* ; Pulmonary Embolism ; Patients ; Hospitalization ; Risk Factors

Tempofilter II is a device that is used for pulmonary embolism prophylaxis. Since the appearance of the Tempofilter II following withdrawal of the Tempofilter I, it has been reported that the Tempofilter II is safe, effective and useful. Here we report on the first case of a fracture of one leg of the filter and this leg was embedded in the inferior vena cava wall in a 62-year-old man with deep vein thrombosis.
Device Removal ; *Equipment Failure ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pulmonary Embolism/*prevention & control ; *Vena Cava Filters ; Venous Thrombosis/*complications/drug therapy

PURPOSE: Static progressive stretch (SPS) can be applied to treat chronic joint stiffness. However, the impacts of subacute application of SPS to the distal lower limbs, where deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is common, on venous thromboembolism remain unclear. This study aims to explore the risk of venous thromboembolism events following subacute application of SPS. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on patients diagnosed with DVT following a lower extremity orthopedic surgery before being transferred to the rehabilitation ward from May 2017 to May 2022. Patients with unilateral lower limb comminuted para-articular fractures, transferred to rehabilitation ward for further treatment within 3 weeks after operation, followed up more than 12 weeks since initial manual physiotherapy, and diagnosed DVT by ultrasound before rehabilitation course were included in the study. Patients with polytrauma, without evidence of previous peripheral vascular disease or incompetence, had medication for thrombosis treatment or prophylaxis before the operation, detected with paralysis due to nervous system impairment, infected after operation during the regime, or with acute progression of DVT were excluded. The included patients were randomized to the standard physiotherapy and the SPS integrated groups for observation. Associated DVT and pulmonary embolism data were collected during the physiotherapy course to compare the groups. SSPS 28.0 and GraphPad Prism 9 were used for data processing. A p < 0.05 was set significant difference. RESULTS: In total of 154 patients with DVT participating in this study, 75 of them were treated with additional SPS for postoperative rehabilitation. The participants in the SPS group showed improved range of motion (12.3° ± 6.7°). However, in the SPS group, there was no difference in thrombosis volume between the start and termination (p = 0.106, p = 0.787, respectively), although difference was seen intra-therapy (p < 0.001). Contingency analysis revealed the pulmonary embolism incidence (OR = 0.703) in the SPS group compared to the mean physiotherapy. CONCLUSION The SPS technique is a safe and reliable option to prevent potential joint stiffness without aggravating the risk of distal DVT for postoperative patients suffering from relevant trauma.
Humans ; Venous Thromboembolism/prevention & control* ; Venous Thrombosis/etiology* ; Retrospective Studies ; Pulmonary Embolism/complications* ; Lower Extremity ; Risk Factors

Blood Vessels ; injuries ; Extremities ; blood supply ; injuries ; Humans ; Ligation ; Pulmonary Embolism ; etiology ; prevention & control ; Vascular Surgical Procedures ; methods ; Venous Thrombosis ; etiology ; prevention & control

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in Korean patients who underwent hip fracture surgery (HFS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prospectively, a total 181 cases were classified into the LMWH user group (116 cases) and LMWH non-user group (65 cases). Each group was sub-classified according to fracture types as follows: 81 cases of intertrochanteric fracture (group A: 49, group B: 32) and 100 cases of neck fracture (group C: 67, group D: 33). We compared the incidence of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) according to LMWH use. RESULTS: Of the 181 cases, four DVTs were found in the LMWH user groups (1 in group A, and 3 in group C). One case of PE was found in LMWH non-user group D. The incidences of DVT and PE showed no statistically significant differences between the LMWH user and non-user groups (p=0.298 and 0.359, respectively). In subgroup analysis, no statistically significant differences were found between groups A and B and between groups C and D. CONCLUSION: The administration of LMWH was not effective in the prevention of venous thromboembolism and PE in the Korean patients who underwent HFS.
Aged ; Anticoagulants/*therapeutic use ; Female ; Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight/*therapeutic use ; Hip Fractures/classification/*surgery ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Postoperative Complications/*prevention & control ; Pulmonary Embolism/etiology/*prevention & control ; Republic of Korea ; Venous Thromboembolism/*prevention & control ; Venous Thrombosis/etiology/*prevention & control

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the application of inferior vena cava filter (IVCF) in prevention of peri-operative pulmonary embolism (PE) in lower limb bone fracture patients with deep venous thrombosis (DVT).

METHODSFrom January 2003 to December 2012, 2 248 cases of lower limb and pelvic fractures with DVT were retrospectively analyzed. Before the procedure of IVCF implantation began, January 2003 to December 2007, there were 1 052 cases of acute trauma patients with DVT were classified as the group of early none-IVCF. The IVCF implantation was began since January 2008. From that time to December 2012, 712 cases of bone fractures with DVT received filter implantation, which were classified as IVCF group. The other 484 patients who had not undergone filter deployment were divided as group of late none-IVCF. The baseline conditions of the three groups were significantly different in addition to the ages between group of early none-IVCF and IVCF group. The incidences of PE and mortality of PE in each group were recorded and analyzed by χ(2) test.

RESULTSThere were totally 31 cases of symptomatic PE, among which 12 cases died. Totally 712 filters were deployed successfully without any major complications. The incidences of symptomatic PE were 0.14% (1/712), 2.19% (23/1 052) and 1.45% (7/484) in IVCF group, group of early none-IVCF and group of late none-IVCF, respectively. The mortality of PE were 0 (0/712), 0.86% (9/1 052) and 0.62% (3/484) in these groups. The incidence of symptomatic PE in IVCF group was significantly different from that in the group of early and late none-IVCF (χ(2) = 11.762, P = 0.001; χ(2) = 7.395, P = 0.007, respectively). The mortality of IVCF group was also significantly lower compared with the other two groups (χ(2) = 6.122, P = 0.013; χ(2) = 4.424, P = 0.035, respectively).

CONCLUSIONIVCF implantation effectively prevents symptomatic and fatal PE of patients of lower limb and pelvic fractures with DVT in the peri-operative period.

Adult ; Aged ; Female ; Humans ; Leg Injuries ; complications ; Lower Extremity ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pulmonary Embolism ; etiology ; prevention & control ; Retrospective Studies ; Vena Cava Filters ; Venous Thrombosis ; complications

OBJECTIVETo Explore the significance of preoperative screening of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) on the prevention from pulmonary embolism (PE) with color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI) in patients of lower limb fractures.

METHODSA total of 2 000 patients with lower limb fractures were retrospectively analyzed from January to September in 2010. All the patients were scheduled to be operated. There were 1 140 males and 860 females, ranging in age from 18 to 94 years, with a mean of (54.78 +/- 21.45) years. Swollen limbs could be observed in all patients when admitted and traditional Chinese medicine therapies were given by both internal and external administrations. Selective internal or external fixations were scheduled 3 to 14 days after injured and the swell relieved. CDFI screenings for DVT were applied to all the patients one day before operations and clinical data, such as gender, age, fracture site and course of diseases, were analyzed.

RESULTSOf all the 2 000 patients, 128 patients had lower limbs DVTs (6.4%). Among all the DVT patients, 52 patients had DVT within vena iliacas or femoral veins,20 patients had DVT within popliteal veins or vena crualis, 56 patients had DVT within small muscular veins of legs. Thrombolytic therapies or inferior vena cava filters were taken to 72 patients with DVTs proximal to vena cruralises and thrombi disappeared in 20 cases. Inferior vena cava filters were placed in 17 patients. There were 28 patients with either failed thrombolytic or no filters placement. All above 65 patients were treated with fracture reduction, and other 7 patients were treated with conservative methods. Of all the operated patients, one patient had PE during operation and recovered after immediately rescue. Among 56 patients with DVT within small muscular veins of legs, 51 patients were treated with reduction without other special treatment, and other 5 patients were treated with conservative methods. There was no relationship between DVT occurrence and gender. The youngest sufferer was 22 years old. DVT occurrences of patients over 41 years old were significantly higher than that of patients under 40 years old. Higher occurrences were also observed in patients with multiple fractures, fracture of femurs compared with those with tibia or fibula fractures. DVT was found as early as 3 days after injury in one case. The longer the time from injuries to operations, the higher the occurrences of DVTs.

CONCLUSIONRoutine CDFI screenings should be applied to traumatic fractured patients before operations no matter whether there are DVTs existing or not. That is very important for the prevention of fatal PE during both anesthesias and operations.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Preoperative Period ; Pulmonary Embolism ; prevention & control ; Ultrasonography ; Venous Thrombosis ; diagnosis ; diagnostic imaging ; Young Adult

A 58-year-old female patient, diagnosed with adenocarcinoma of the lung, underwent percutaneous vertebroplasty at the L4 vertebral body due to painful spinal metastases. Because of deep venous thrombosis of the left femoral and iliac veins, an inferior vena cava filter had been placed before vertebroplasty. Bone cement migrated into the venous bloodstream and then was being trapped within the previously placed filter. This case illustrates that caval filter could capture the bone cement and prevent it from migrating to the pulmonary circulation.
Adenocarcinoma/secondary ; Bone Cements/*adverse effects ; Embolism/*etiology ; Female ; Humans ; Iliac Vein ; Lumbar Vertebrae/surgery ; Lung Neoplasms/pathology ; Middle Aged ; Pulmonary Embolism/prevention & control ; Spinal Neoplasms/secondary ; *Vena Cava Filters ; *Vena Cava, Inferior ; Venous Thrombosis/radiography ; Vertebroplasty/*adverse effects/methods

INTRODUCTIONVenous thromboembolism (VTE), including its most serious clinical subtype, pulmonary embolism (PE), is a potentially preventable disease. While current assessment tools do not include ethnicity as a risk factor, studies suggest that Asians have lower risk of VTE compared to Caucasians. This study aims to describe 2006 in-hospital and projected population based incidence rates of VTE and PE in Singapore.

MATERIALS AND METHODSData on 2006 admissions at 3 major NHG hospitals, cases of VTE and their demographics were obtained from the ODS, a large administrative database of the National Healthcare Group (NHG). Demographic characteristics of the 2006 Singapore resident population were obtained from the 2006 Singapore Statistics website.

RESULTSIn 2006, there were 860 cases of VTE out of 98,121 admissions in these 3 hospitals. Overall and secondary VTE age adjusted in-hospital burden was 73 and 54 per 10,000 patients, respectively. Caucasians and Eurasians had VTE rates in excess of 100 per 10,000 while Chinese, Malays and Indians each had rates below 100 per 10,000. Assuming that 42.5% of the 2006 Singapore population was served by NHG, the estimated population-based incidence of VTE and PE is 57 and 15 per 100,000, respectively.

CONCLUSIONSAs patterns across ethnic groups point to lower VTE rates among Asians compared to Caucasians and Eurasians, analytic studies should be considered to test this hypothesis. There may be a need to develop locally applicable risk assessment tools which can be used to support local guidelines for VTE prophylaxis, thus leading to more acceptable and cost-effective care.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Databases, Factual ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Inpatients ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pulmonary Embolism ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; Singapore ; epidemiology ; Venous Thromboembolism ; epidemiology ; ethnology ; prevention & control ; Young Adult