Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has a high global morbidity and mortality and a severe disease burden, yet progress in treatment and prevention has been slow in recent decades. Early COPD has few symptoms and is severely underdiagnosed and undertreated; it is crucial to search for effective clues of early COPD and provide management interventions. By reviewing the definition, risk factors, diagnosis and management interventions, this study explores the disease evolution of early-stage COPD, which can help clinical practice to develop more effective preventive and therapeutic strategies for stopping or slowing down the natural progression of the disease, improving the long-term prognosis, and reducing the disease burden.
Humans ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/drug therapy* ; Prognosis ; Risk Factors

The plateau environment is characterized by low oxygen, low air pressure, low temperature, and strong ultraviolet rays, etc. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a preventable and treatable chronic lung disease. High altitude environment increases COPD prevalence, clinical manifestation and mortality. The therapeutic window of theophylline drugs for COPD is narrow, and the high altitude environment has an influence on the pharmacokinetics of the drugs. This review summarizes the differences in the prevalence, mortality, clinical manifestation and clinical symptoms of COPD in the plateau and plain, providing a basis for identifying the risk factors of COPD in the plateau areas. The effects of plateau hypoxic environment on the pharmacokinetics of COPD drugs were also discussed. It can provide a rationale for more effective prevention and treatment of COPD at high altitude.
Humans ; Altitude ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/drug therapy* ; Oxygen ; Hypoxia

Humans ; Pneumoconiosis ; complications ; drug therapy ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive ; complications ; drug therapy ; Tiotropium Bromide ; therapeutic use

Disease Management ; Humans ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive ; diagnosis ; drug therapy ; surgery

This article analyze acupoint selection and characteristics of plaster therapy for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary di-sease(COPD) by data mining. The CNKI, VIP, CBM, WanFang, PubMed, EMbase, Cochrane Library were retrieved for collecting clinical studies of plaster therapy for stable COPD. After literature screening, a total of 46 systematic reviews were included. Frequency statistics, cluster analysis, and Apriori correlation analysis were used to analyze the pattern and characteristics of plaster therapy for stable COPD. The result showed that the main acupoints for stable COPD were BL13, Dingchuan, CV22, BL23 and BL20. The acupoints used are mainly concentrated on the chest and back. The most frequently used meridian is the bladder meridian. Analysis of the acupoints yielded 27 correlation rules. And cluster analysis grouped the high frequency acupoints into 5 categories. The results of the study showed that the current choice of acupoints is rather concentrated. "Local acupuncture points" and "matching points with front and back" were the main acupoint selection rules. The choice of acupuncture points reflected the traditional Chinese medicine treatment principle of strengthening healthy Qi to eliminate pathogenic factor, treating both manifestation and root cause of disease, and preventing measure taken after the occurrence of disease.
Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; Data Mining ; Humans ; Meridians ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/drug therapy*

Asthma ; complications ; therapy ; Humans ; Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis ; complications ; drug therapy ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive ; complications ; therapy

The general approach to manage stable COPD is characterized by a stepwise increase in treatment, depending on the severity of the disease. None of the existing medications for COPD have been shown to modify the long-term decline in lung function that is the hallmark of the disease. Therefore, pharmacotherapy in COPD is used to decrease symptoms and /or complications. Bronchodilator medications are central to the symptomatic management of COPD. They are given on an as-needed basis or on a regular basis to prevent or reduce symptoms. The principal bronchodilator treatments are beta2-agonists, anticholinergics, theophylline, and a combination of these drugs. Regular treatment with long-acting bronchodilators is more effective and convenient than treatment with short-acting bronchodilators, but more expensive. The addition of regular treatment with inhaled steroids to bronchodilator treatment is appropriate for symptomatic COPD patients with an FEV1<50% predicted (Stage III: Severe COPD and Stage IV: Very Severe COPD) or repeated exacerbations (for example, more than 3 times during the last 3 years). Chronic treatment with systemic steroids should be avoided, if possible.
Bronchodilator Agents ; Cholinergic Antagonists ; Drug Therapy* ; Humans ; Lung ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive* ; Steroids ; Theophylline

Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Phytotherapy ; methods ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive ; drug therapy

Acetylcysteine ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Pneumoconiosis ; drug therapy ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive ; complications ; Treatment Outcome

To evaluate the economics of Suhuang Zhike Capsules in the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(AECOPD) for inpatients. Based on the published clinical research data, cost-utility analysis was used in this study to evaluate the pharmacoeconomics of Suhuang Zhike Capsules in treatment of AECOPD inpatients from the perspective of medical insu-rance. The test group was treated with Suhuang Zhike Capsules combined with conventional Western medicine, and the control group was treated with conventional Western medicine alone. Treeage software was used to construct a pharmacoeconomic model and perform simulation analysis. The results showed that the cost and output of Suhuang Zhike Capsules combined with the conventional Western medicine were 60 010.18 yuan and 1.92 quality adjusted life year(QALYs), respectively in the simulated 3 years of disease treatment. The cost and output of the conventional Western medicine were 96 730.60 yuan and 1.90 QALYs respectively. Suhuang Zhike Capsules combined with conventional Western medicine required lower cost but achieved higher output, showing cost-utility advantages, so this drug combination was a plan with pharmacoeconomic advantages. The sensitivity analysis results showed that the conclusion was relatively stable. Based on the above results, it is believed that as compared with the conventional Western medicine, Suhuang Zhike Capsules combined with conventional Western medicine have lower cost and higher output for the treatment of AECOPD inpatients, and it is a treatment plan with pharmacoeconomic advantages.
Capsules ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use* ; Economics, Pharmaceutical ; Humans ; Inpatients ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/drug therapy*