Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a devastating lung disease with increasing prevalence, economic and social burden. Worldwide, it ranks as the fourth leading cause of death. Objectives: This study carried out to evaluate the prevalence of COPD in the population of Dong Da and Thanh Xuan districts, Ha Noi City. Methods: This was a cross-sectional epidemiological survey of a general population sample of 1334 men and women whose age was over 35 years old living in Dong Da and Thanh Xuan districts, Ha Noi,Viet Nam. Data on respiratory symptoms, diseases, and risk factors were collected. Lung function tests were performed with Spiroanalyzer ST300 - Japan. Results: The prevalence simple chronic bronchitis was 3.2%, (5.5% in men and 1.06% in women). The prevalence of COPD was 1.7% (in men was 2.8% and 0.7% in women). There was no previous diagnosis of COPD in 94.7% of cases. Subjects who suffered from COPD had mean of age of 62.9 years (min 47, max 81). 21.1% of COPD patients was of stage I stage, 57.9% of COPD patients was of stage II. 5.3% of COPD patients was of stage III, 15.7% of COPD patients was of stage IV. There was no symptom in 36.8% of cases. 78.9% COPD patients smoked, OR of 6.42 [2.01 - 16.6]. 47.3% of them smokes at least 15 packs/year.
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive, Epidemiologic Studies

This was the cross-sectional epidemiological survey of a general population sample of 2001 men and women whose age >35 years old living in the Khuong Mai precinct, Thanh Xuan district, Ha Noi, Viet Nam. Data on respiratory symptoms, diseases, and risk factors were collected through standardized interview questionnaires. Lung function tests were performed using spirometer analyser ST 300, Japan. Subjects whose FEV1NC value was <70% underwent a bronchodilator test with inhalation of 400mcg of Salbutamol. Results. The prevalence of COPD was 1.53%, 4.15% in smokers, 3.47 in ex-smokers, 0.39 % in non-smokers. The prevalence was 2.73% in men and 0.36% in women. The prevalence of COPD was significantly higher in the male group as smoking habit and tobacco consumption was greater. There was no previous diagnosis of COPD in 94.1 % of cases. 64.7% with mild COPD, 17.6 % of patients with moderate COPD and 17.6% of patients with severe COPD. The prevalence of stage 0 of COPD was 3.9%.
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive, Epidemiologic Studies, Vietnam

OBJECTIVETo explore the methodology on prevalence study of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in line with the world, to obtain accurate epidemic data of COPD in China.

METHODSA national multi-center cross-sectional survey on prevalence, risk factors and burden of COPD was conducted in China. In each area, a population-based cluster sample of approximately 1450 individuals aged 40 years or older was interviewed, using standardized questionnaires that were revised on the methodology of burden of lung diseases (BOLD) study and according under the context of China. All participants were submitted to pre-bronchodilator spirometry. Those with airflow limitation received post-bronchodilator spirometry, physical examination, X-rays of chest and EKG (electrocardiogram) tests. The post-bronchodialators FEV1/FVC < 70% was identified as having COPD.

RESULTSInvestigation has been completed with the same standardized procedures by all sites, up to the requirement of quality control. Over 85.0% of the spirometry tests and 95.0% of questionnaires had met the criteria of quality control in each area. Overall, 95.2% of the data was valid with acceptable spirometry and questionaire, and the valid response rate was 79.0%.

CONCLUSIONThe protocol was in line with the international standards, by which the prevalence of COPD in China was of adequate quality and valid.

Adult ; China ; epidemiology ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Humans ; Prevalence ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive ; epidemiology

BACKGROUND: Due to the irreversible nature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the treatment aim in patients with COPD is not to cure but to reduce the symptoms, increase lung function, and improve the quality of life. It has been suggested that depression is a common emotional disturbance in patients with COPD who are faced with a major physical impairment and embarrassing symptoms. This study evaluated the prevalence and risk factors of depression in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. METHODS: A total of 59 patients with a registered diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were selected. Depression was assessed using the Centers for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale. The quality of life was assessed using the Korean version of the St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire. RESULTS: The prevalence of depression was 17.0%. In the correlation model, the interaction of the FEV1% over predicted value and SGRQ score(symptom, activity, impact, overall score) was statistically significant. The interaction of the FEV1% over predicted value and depression scale(CES-D) was also statistically significant. There was a positive correlation between the SGRQ scores(symptom, activity, impact, overall score) and the depression scale. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of depression in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is relatively high. The pulmonary function and the living standards were found to be significant risk factors for depression.
Affective Symptoms ; Depression ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Humans ; Lung ; Prevalence ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive ; Quality of Life ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Risk Factors ; Socioeconomic Factors

Recent epidemiological studies have revealed that osteoporosis is closely associated with common chronic diseases including diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disorders, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). COPD is a chronic inflammatory airway disease but now well known to be associated with various systemic comorbidities including osteoporosis. Osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures are extremely common in COPD patients, which have significant impacts on their quality of life (QOL), activities of daily life (ADL), respiratory function, and possibly their prognosis. COPD-associated osteoporosis is however extremely under-recognized, hence undertreated. Recent studies have suggested that both decreased bone mineral density (BMD) and impaired bone quality compromise bone strength causing fractures in COPD. In COPD patients, various general clinical risk factors for osteoporosis are present including smoking, older age, low body weight, and physical inactivity. In addition, disease-related risk factors such as decreased pulmonary function, inflammation, glucocorticoid use and vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency have been linked to the development of osteoporosis in COPD. Increased awareness of osteoporosis in COPD, especially that of high prevalence of vertebral fractures is called upon among general physicians as well as pulmonologists. Routine screening for osteoporosis and risk assessment of fractures will enable physicians to diagnose COPD patients with comorbid osteoporosis at an early stage. Timely prevention of developing osteoporosis together with appropriate treatment of established osteoporosis may improve QOL and ADL of the COPD patients, preserve their lung function and eventually result in better prognosis in these patients.
Activities of Daily Living ; Body Weight ; Bone Density ; Chronic Disease ; Comorbidity ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Inflammation ; Kidney ; Lung ; Mass Screening ; Osteoporosis* ; Osteoporotic Fractures ; Prevalence ; Prognosis ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive* ; Quality of Life ; Risk Assessment ; Risk Factors ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Vitamin D

E-cigarettes (ECs) and heated tobacco products (HTPs) have become popular in Korea; hence, it is important to determine whether ECs and HTPs are less hazardous than combustible cigarettes (CCs). In general, the levels of harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) are lower in ECs and HTPs than in CCs, although the levels of some heavy metals and HPHCs are higher in ECs and HTPs than in CCs. ECs and HTPs showed possible adverse effects on respiratory and cardiovascular system function, which could result in chronic respiratory and cardiovascular system diseases in animals. An analysis of biomarkers showed that ECs had possible adverse health effects on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, in addition the effects of HTP on respiratory and cardiovascular systems were not significantly different than those of CC. Epidemiological studies identified positive associations between EC use and asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and myocardial infarction. Only one epidemiologic study reported a positive association between ever using HTPs and asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis among adolescents. Modelling studies of ECs did not show consistent findings regarding the health effects compared with those of CCs. A modeling study of HTPs, performed by tobacco industry, has been criticized for many unfounded assumptions. Lower levels of HPHCs in ECs and HTPs, compared with those in CCs, cannot be directly translated into health benefits because the relationship between exposure and effects is non-linear for cardiovascular diseases and because the duration of exposure is more important than the level of exposure in determining lung cancer mortality. In summary, there is no definite health benefit in using ECs or HTPs instead of CCs, for the individual or the population; hence, tobacco control measures should be the same for ECs, HTPs, and CCs. ECs and HTPs have become popular in Korea; hence, it is important to determine whether ECs and HTPs are less hazardous than CCs.
Adolescent ; Animals ; Asthma ; Biomarkers ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Cardiovascular System ; Dermatitis, Atopic ; Electronic Cigarettes ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Insurance Benefits ; Korea ; Lung Neoplasms ; Metals, Heavy ; Mortality ; Myocardial Infarction ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive ; Rhinitis, Allergic ; Smoking ; Tobacco Industry ; Tobacco Products ; Tobacco