Animals ; Humans ; Hydrogen Sulfide ; Hypertension, Pulmonary ; etiology ; pathology ; physiopathology ; Pulmonary Artery ; physiopathology ; Pulmonary Circulation

Coronary Angiography ; Coronary Vessel Anomalies ; diagnosis ; Humans ; Pulmonary Artery ; pathology

BACKGROUNDThe experimental studies of venous thromboembolism (VTE) as an entity and the response of the pulmonary arterial endothelium after VTE are still rare. The objective of this study was to observe changes in the pulmonary arterial endothelium using a novel rat model of VTE.

METHODSRats were allocated to the VTE (n = 54) or control groups (n = 9). The left femoral vein was blocked using a microvessel clip to form deep vein thrombosis (DVT). One, four or seven-day-old thrombi were injected into the right femoral vein to induce DVT-pulmonary thromboembolism (DVT-PTE). The rats were sacrificed 1, 4 or 7 days later (D(n(1,4,7)) P(n(1,4,7)) subgroups (n = 6)), and the lungs were examined using light and electron microscopy.

RESULTSOn gross dissection, the rate of DVT formation was higher on day 1 (D(1)P(n): 100%, 18/18) than day 4 (D(4)P(n): 83%, 15/18; χ(2) = 5.900, P = 0.015) or day 7 (D(7)P(n): 44%, 8/18; χ(2) = 13.846, P = 0.000). On gross dissection, the positive emboli residue rate in the pulmonary arteries was lower in the D(1)P(n) subgroup (39%, 7/18) than the D(4)P(n) (73%, 11/15; χ(2) = 3.915, P = 0.048) and D(7)P(n) subgroups (100%, 8/8; χ(2) = 8.474, P = 0.004); however, light microscopy indicated the residual emboli rate was similar in all subgroups. Hyperplasia of the pulmonary arterial endothelium was observed 4 and 7 days after the injection of one-day-old or four-day-old thrombi. However, regions without pulmonary arterial endothelial cells and intra-elastic layers were observed one day after injection of seven-day-old thrombi.

CONCLUSIONSThis novel model closely simulates the clinical situations of thrombus formation and is ideal to study pulmonary endothelial cell activation. The outcome of emboli and pulmonary arterial endothelial alterations are related to the age and nature of the thrombi.

Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Endothelium, Vascular ; pathology ; Pulmonary Artery ; pathology ; Pulmonary Embolism ; pathology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Venous Thromboembolism ; pathology

Aged ; Arterioles ; pathology ; Coal Mining ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pneumoconiosis ; complications ; pathology ; Pulmonary Artery ; pathology ; Pulmonary Heart Disease ; etiology ; pathology

UNLABELLEDTo explore the changes of time-dependent pulmonary artery structural remodeling in pulmonary hypertension induced by high pulmonary flow in rats.

METHODSEighty male SD rats were randomly divided into control group (n =40) and shunt group (n = 40). Rats in shunt group were subjected to an abdominal aorta-inferior vena cava shunt to create an animal model of high pulmonary flow. In the control group, rats experienced the same experimental processes except the shunting procedure. After 1 day, 3 days, 1 week, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks of experiment, systolic pulmonary artery pressure (SPAP) and mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP) of each rat were evaluated by using a right cardiac catheterization procedure. Heart tissues were separated as right ventricle (RV) and left ventricle plus septum (LV+SP), and the ratio of RV to LV+SP [RV/ (LV+ SP)] was calculated. The morphologic changes including micro- and ultra-structural changes of pulmonary arteries of rats were observed under optical microscope and electro-microscope, respectively. The percentages of muscularized artery (MA), partial muscularized artery (PMA) and non-muscularized artery (NMA) in small pulmonary arteries and median pulmonary arteries were calculated. The changes of relative medial thickness (RMT) and relative medial area (RMA) of pulmonary arteries were examined.

RESULTSCompared with control group, SPAP and MPAP did not change on day 1, day 3, and week 4. However, in week 1 and week 8 of experiment, SPAP and MPAP increased significantly (P < 0.01). Meanwhile, in week 8 of experiment, RV/ (LV+SP) increased significantly (P < 0.05). In contrast to control group, the percentages of MA, PMA, and NMA did not change in day 1, day 3 and week 1. But in week 4 and week 8, the percentages of MA and PMA increased significantly (P < 0.01) but that of NMA decreased significantly (P < 0.01). RMT and RMA did not change in day 1, day 3, week 1 and even week 4 in shunt group as compared with those of control group, but they increased significantly in week 8 (P < 0.05). The changes of ultra-structure of pulmonary arteries included that endothelial cells became swollen and large in size on day 3, smooth muscular cells increased in size besides the change of endothelial cells in week 1, and they changed from contractile phenotype to synthetic phenotype in week 4. Collagen deposited in pulmonary arteries markedly in week 8.

CONCLUSIONPulmonary artery structural remodeling develops in a time-dependent manner. Endothelial cells of pulmonary arteries become swollen firstly, followed by the proliferation of smooth muscular cells and finally by remodeling of extra cellular matrix.

Animals ; Blood Pressure ; Hypertension, Pulmonary ; pathology ; physiopathology ; Male ; Pulmonary Artery ; pathology ; ultrastructure ; Pulmonary Circulation ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

MRI is useful for demonstrating the anatomy of various congenital cardiac lesions and plays an important role in the diagnosis of congenital cardiac lesions. Its large field of view and unlimited imaging planes enable the depiction of complex lesions, the complicated three-dimensional relations of the cardiac chambers and anomalies of the central pulmonary arteries, the systemic and pulmonary veins, and aorta. We describe the normal MR anatomy and MR imaging findings of a variety of congenital pathologies of the heart, in order to provide a better understanding and facilitate the interpretation of the MR features of various congenital heart diseases.
Aorta ; Diagnosis ; Heart ; Heart Defects, Congenital* ; Heart Diseases ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Pathology ; Pulmonary Artery ; Pulmonary Veins

Aged ; Bronchial Arteries ; pathology ; Bronchial Diseases ; complications ; Female ; Fistula ; etiology ; pathology ; Humans ; Pulmonary Artery ; pathology

Adult ; Arterio-Arterial Fistula ; pathology ; Coronary Vessels ; pathology ; Female ; Humans ; Pulmonary Artery ; pathology

OBJECTIVEThe mechanism of high pulmonary blood flow-induced pulmonary hypertension remains unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of proadrenomedullin N-terminal 20-peptide (PAMP) on pulmonary hypertension, through examining the alterations of pulmonary PAMP expression and plasma PAMP concentration in rats with pulmonary hypertension induced by high pulmonary blood flow.

METHODSSixteen male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into control (n=8) and shunt groups (n=8). Aortocaval shunting was produced in the shunt group. After 11 weeks of shunting, systolic pulmonary artery pressure (sPAP), diastolic pulmonary artery pressure (dPAP) and mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) were evaluated by using a right cardiac catheterization procedure. The ultrastructural changes in intra-acinar pulmonary arteries were observed. The concentration of plasma PAMP was measured by radioimmunoassay. The expression of PAMP in pulmonary arteries was detected by immunohistochemical assay.

RESULTSsPAP, dPAP and mPAP were significantly increased in shunt rats compared with controls (P < 0.01). Ultrastructural changes, such as hyperplasia and swelling of endothelial cells, irregularity of internal elastic laminar, and hypertrophy and increased number of synthetic phenotype of smooth muscle cells, were found in intra-acinar pulmonary muscularized arteries in the shunt group. Plasma PAMP concentration (616 +/- 195 pg /mL vs 427 +/- 90 pg /mL) and PAMP expression in endothelial cells (0.62 +/- 0.09 vs 0.38 +/- 0.12) and in smooth muscle cells (0.24 +/- 0.07 vs 0.14 +/- 0.05) of pulmonary arteries increased significantly in the shut group compared with controls.

CONCLUSIONSThe up-regulation of pulmonary and plasm PAMP expression might be involved in the development of high pulmonary blood flow-induced pulmonary hypertension.

Adrenomedullin ; blood ; genetics ; Animals ; Hypertension, Pulmonary ; blood ; etiology ; pathology ; Male ; Pulmonary Artery ; ultrastructure ; Pulmonary Circulation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

OBJECTIVEPulmonary hypertension (PH) is a common complication of congenital heart defects with a left-to-right shunt characterized by high pulmonary blood flow. Pulmonary vascular structural remodeling (PVSR) is the pathological basis of PH. However, the pathophysiologic features and mechanisms responsible for PH and PVSR induced by increased pulmonary blood flow have not been fully understood. The present study was designed to explore the possible effect and mechanism of hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) on the regulation of PVSR induced by high pulmonary flow in rats.

METHODSThirty-two male SD rats, weighing 120 - 140 g, were randomly divided into shunt group (n = 8), shunt + NaHS group (n = 8), control group (n = 8) and control + NaHS group (n = 8). Rats in shunt group and shunt + NaHS group were subjected to an abdominal aorta-inferior vena cava shunt to create an animal model of high pulmonary flow. Rats in the control and control + NaHS groups underwent the same experimental protocol as mentioned above except for the shunt procedure. Rats in the shunt + NaHS and control + NaHS groups were intraperitoneally injected with NaHS at 56 micromol/(kgxd), and rats in the shunt and control groups were injected with the same volume of physiological saline. After 11 weeks of experiment, rats were sacrificed and lung tissues were obtained. The percentage of muscularized artery (MA) was calculated. The changes in relative medial thickness (RMT) in small pulmonary arteries and median pulmonary arteries were examined. Proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1) and phosphorylation extracellular signal-regulated kinase (P-ERK1) protein expression were examined by Western blot, and at the same time, PCNA protein expression by pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells was observed by immunohistochemistry.

RESULTSAfter 11 weeks of shunt, compared with control group, the percentage of MA increased significantly (25.12 +/- 2.26 vs 14.42 +/- 3.41, P < 0.05), and RMT in small pulmonary arteries and median pulmonary arteries increased significantly in rats of shunt group (23.6 +/- 3.5 vs 12.6 +/- 2.1, 24.8 +/- 1.9 vs 13.5 +/- 2.2, P < 0.05 for all). PCNA protein expression in small and median pulmonary arteries increased significantly (0.49 +/- 0.04 vs 0.39 +/- 0.07, 0.46 +/- 0.08 vs 0.36 +/- 0.05, P < 0.01 for all), and the ratio of PERK/ERK1 protein expression of pulmonary arteries increased significantly (P < 0.01) in rats of shunt group compared with those of control group. After the administration of exogenous H(2)S donor, NaHS, for 11 weeks, in contrast to rats in shunt group, the percentage of MA decreased significantly (21.5 +/- 2.0 vs 25.1 +/- 2.3, P < 0.05), and RMT in small and median pulmonary arteries decreased significantly (20.2 +/- 2.8 vs 23.6 +/- 3.5, 20.8 +/- 3.1 vs 20.8 +/- 3.1, P < 0.05 for all) in rats of shunt + NaHS group. PCNA protein expression in small and median pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells decreased significantly (0.32 +/- 0.06 vs 0.49 +/- 0.04, 0.29 +/- 0.07 vs 0.46 +/- 0.08, P < 0.01 for all), and the ratio of PERK/ERK1 protein expression of pulmonary arteries decreased significantly (P < 0.01) in rats of shunt + NaHS group compared with that of shunt group.

CONCLUSIONH(2)S may play a regulatory role in pulmonary vascular structural remodeling induced by high pulmonary blood flow via mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/ERK signal transduction pathway.

Animals ; Hydrogen Sulfide ; pharmacology ; Hypertension, Pulmonary ; pathology ; physiopathology ; Lung ; pathology ; Male ; Pulmonary Artery ; drug effects ; physiopathology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley