OBJECTIVETo look for optimum extraction techniques for oleuropein by boiling olive leaves at low temperature and reduced pressure.

METHODAccording to single factor experiment (SFE) design, the effects of seven factors, the impact of seven factors, type of solvent, temperature, time, ratio of material to liquid, ethanol concentration, vacuum degree and extraction times, on extraction yield of oleuropein were investigated. Based on the results of SFE, four more important factors, temperature, time, ratio of material to liquid and ethanol concentration, were selected in L9 (3(4)) orthogonal experiment (OE) to compare with those extracted with traditional methods.

RESULTThe optimum conditions for boiling extraction of oleuropein at low temperature and reduced pressure were as follows: temperature 60 degrees C, time 20 min, ratio of material to liquid 1:30 and ethanol concentration 85%. The conditions presented an extraction yield of 5.90%.

CONCLUSIONCompared with traditional extraction methods and the ultrasound assisted extraction method, boiling extraction techniques at low temperature and reduced pressure were so quick and efficient that it has a good application prospect.

Iridoids ; Liquid-Liquid Extraction ; methods ; Olea ; chemistry ; Plant Leaves ; chemistry ; Pressure ; Pyrans ; chemistry ; Technology, Pharmaceutical ; methods ; Temperature

Objective To analyze and compare the strength of titanium alloy crystalline porous scaffolds and porous scaffolds with a triply periodic minimal surface(TPMS)structure and explore the effect of porosity on the equivalent elastic modulus and permeability.Methods Crystalline porous scaffolds(cell 1-4)and TPMS porous scaffolds(P-,G-,D-,and FKS-type)with the same porosity were constructed,and the equivalent elastic modulus,equivalent yield strength,and permeability of the scaffolds were calculated using finite element simulation.Results The elastic modulus of eight scaffolds was in the range of 5.1-10.4 GPa,the yield strength was in the range of 69-110 MPa,and the permeability of 4 crystalline scaffolds was in the range of 0.015-0.030 mm2.Conclusions With an increase in porosity,the elastic modulus and yield strength of the scaffold gradually decreased,and the permeability gradually increased.The cell 2-type scaffold is suitable for repairing defects at load-bearing bone sites because of its high elastic modulus and yield strength.The cell 3-type scaffold with a uniform stress distribution and a longer linear elasticity phase may be suitable for designing porous tibial platforms for knee joint prostheses.