Epidemiologic Methods ; Humans ; Population Surveillance ; Public Health

China ; Disease ; Humans ; Public Health Surveillance ; methods

Disease Outbreaks ; Humans ; Population Surveillance ; Public Health Informatics

Generally, laboratory testing for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is done for three reasons: for individual diagnosis and clinical management; to ensure the safety of blood or tissue products; and for public health surveillance. Many HIV-infected patients are unaware of their infections. The early diagnosis of infection is critical for medical and public health reasons. Its diagnosis is a two-step process that requires the sequential use of a highly sensitive screening test, followed by a highly specific confirmatory test. HIV-testing technology continues to evolve, with various tests currently available. This article reviews the current status of and recent advances in HIV testing.
Diagnosis ; Early Diagnosis ; HIV Infections* ; HIV* ; Humans ; Mass Screening ; Public Health ; Public Health Surveillance

PURPOSE: An injury surveillance information system (ISIS) collects, analyzes, and distributes data on injuries to promote health care delivery. The present study aimed to review the data elements and functional requirements of this system. METHOD: This study was conducted in 2019. Studies related to injury surveillance system were searched from January 2000 to September 2019 via the databases of PubMed, Web of Knowledge, ScienceDirect, and Scopus. Articles related to the epidemiology of injury, population survey, and letters to the editor were excluded, while the review and research articles related to ISISs were included in the study. Initially 324 articles were identified, and finally 22 studies were selected for review. Having reviewed the articles, the data needed were extracted and the results were synthesized narratively. RESULTS: The results showed that most of the systems reviewed in this study used the minimum data set suggested by the World Health Organization injury surveillance guidelines along with supplementary data. The main functions considered for the system were injury track, data analysis, report, data linkage, electronic monitoring and data dissemination. CONCLUSION ISISs can help to improve healthcare planning and injury prevention. Since different countries have various technical and organizational infrastructures, it is essential to identify system requirements in different settings.
Datasets as Topic ; Delivery of Health Care ; Health Information Systems ; Health Planning ; Humans ; Public Health Surveillance ; methods ; Wounds and Injuries ; prevention & control

OBJECTIVETo describe the occupational distribution of staff who worked on detection and reporting on public health emergency events, and to explore the effective strategies for identification and reporting on emergency events.

METHODSWe conducted a retrospective survey on 3275 emergent events reported through Public Health Emergency Events Surveillance System from 2005 to the first half of 2006. Data were collected by uniform self-administrated questionnaires by county Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, including information on events detection and reporting, etc.

RESULTSAmong event discoverers, 56.40% (1847/3275) were healthcare staff, 20.58% (674/3275) were teachers, and 15.15% (496/3275) were staff from the disease control systems. Among those event reporters, 56.82% (1861/3275) were healthcare staff, 21.77% (713/3275) from disease control system and 10.75% (352/ 3275) were teachers.

CONCLUSIONHealthcare staff and teachers played the most important role in detection and reporting on events. It would be favorable to improve the ability of events detection and reporting if we could enhance the training program to the relative staff in medical facilities and school settings especially at the grass root level.

China ; Disease Notification ; statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Internet ; Population Surveillance ; Public Health ; statistics & numerical data

Surveillance is the ongoing and systematic collection, analysis of disease related data and dissemination of the information to the people who need it, and application of it to disease prevention and control. So, it is composed of reportable disease; system of data collection, analysis, distribution; coorporation of medical institution with public health organization and effective control. The most dynamic and important part of surveillance is the feedback mechanism. As for positive ways of feedback, there are dissemination of collected and analysed information and reimbursement to the reporters. Legal punishment is the negative way of feedback. The common systems that the developed countries use for communicable disease surveillance are notifiable disease surveillance, sentinel surveillance, and laboratory surveillance systems. Notifiable disease surveillance is for the diseases that their impact is serious to the community when epidemic occurs even though the number of cases is small. Most countries have this type of surveillance, but they suffer from low reporting rate. Sentinel surveillance is for the disease which is mild or whose trend is to be traced for the evaluation of the public health programs. Sampled reporters notifies the disease information voluntarily not by law. Laboratory surveillance is to support the notifiable and sentinel surveillance. It provides laboratory information on the microorganism and antibody level of the disease. Surveillance of communicable diseases in Korea is totally dependent on the notifiable disease reporting system, and there are many problems involved. To improve the surveillance of communicable diseases, it is strongly recommended that the sentinel and laboratory surveillance systems be adopted.
Communicable Diseases* ; Data Collection ; Developed Countries ; Jurisprudence ; Korea ; Public Health ; Punishment ; Sentinel Surveillance*

The official investigation of death and the certification of the cause of death are among the most critical roles played by the government in maintaining public safety, carrying out public health surveillance, and compiling national health statistics. Currently, Korea has no single comprehensive act governing the postmortem examination system. Therefore, there might be some discord, contradiction, or defect in the current legal regime governing the examination of dead bodies. The authors reviewed various legislative instruments that contain the words, “death,” “corpse,” “autopsy,” “death investigation,” and “cause of death” by searching the website of the National Law Information Center (http://www.law.go.kr), which is run by the government. The authors found 64 laws and rules, of which 47 were reviewed for this study, after ensuring relevance to the subject. After a review and comparison of the acts and rules, the authors point out the discords, contradictions, and defects in the current legal regime on corpses and death investigations. They then present the need for a single comprehensive legislation addressing postmortem examination.
Autopsy ; Cadaver ; Cause of Death ; Certification ; Information Centers ; Jurisprudence ; Korea ; Public Health Surveillance ; Social Control, Formal

Humans ; Paratyphoid Fever ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; Public Health Surveillance ; methods ; Typhoid Fever ; epidemiology ; prevention & control

OBJECTIVETo establish and estimate incidence of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), using abattoir survey as a diagnostic tool in slaughtered cattle in Northern Tanzania.

METHODSA total of 4 460 cattle were slaughtered in five abattoirs in 3 northern zone regions (Arusha, Kilimanjaro and Tanga) during the period of January to May 2004. They were examined ante-mortem for 'pneumonia signs', and 'characteristic contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) lung lesions'.

RESULTSForty-one (0.91%) of the slaughtered cattle, the majority of which were Tanzania short horn zebu, had gross lung lesions suggestive of CBPP. The prevalence of lesions was significantly (P<0.05) higher in Karatu abattoir compared to others. No animal was detected to have lesion in Bomang' ombe abattoir. The most observed pneumonic signs included labored breathing (90%), dry cough (57%) and mucopurulent nasal discharge (47%). The gross characteristic CBPP pathological lesion, frequently encountered was left lung lesion (47%), pinkish lung (71%) and pleural adhesion (98%). Epidemiological reports show that the CBPP reported outbreaks increased from 19 in 2002, 65 in 2003 and 18 in 2004 (January-March). The corresponding number of reported deaths increased from 137 in 2002, 269 in 2003 and 77 in 2004 (January-March).

CONCLUSIONSIt's concluded from this study that CBPP is a problem in spite of the extensive awareness and vaccination campaigns. Nevertheless, a continued surveillance programme including routine checks of all cattle carcasses at the abattoir and subsequent epidemiological investigation of suspected cases are recommended.

Abattoirs ; Animals ; Cattle ; Cattle Diseases ; epidemiology ; Incidence ; Pleuropneumonia, Contagious ; epidemiology ; Prevalence ; Public Health Surveillance ; Tanzania ; epidemiology