No abstract available.
Psychomotor Agitation

The mirtazapine is a relatively new antidepressant that has noradrenergic and specific serotonin antagonist action(NaSSAs). This has been known as one of the most safest drugs because of its few side effects. Until now, there have been only one case report that mirtazapine causes a EPS side effect(restless leg syndrome). But the peculiar mechanism of this drug makes it impossible to explain the exact reasons why the mirtazapine could induce EPS symptoms. Authors obseved three cases of mirtazapine indeced akathisia. We could not explain the phenomenon the other way except akathisia. So here we presents the three case of mirtazapine induced akathisia and a few possible hypothesis of this phenomenon.
Leg ; Psychomotor Agitation* ; Serotonin

No abstract available.
Leg* ; Muscle Cramp* ; Psychomotor Agitation*

OBJECTIVE: Neuroleptic Induced Akathisia(NIA) often occurs in neuroleptic treated patients. Cyproheptadine, an antiserotonergic agent, was used to treat neuroleptic induced akathisia. METHOD: In an open trial 21 neuroleptic-treated patients with akathisia were administrated Cyproheptadine(16mg/day) over 4 days. Assessment of akathisia was evaluated using Barnes' rating scale(BAS) for neuroleptic induced akathisia. The degree of depression and psychosis were assessed by brief psychiatric rating scale(BFRS) and Hamilton rating scale for depression(HAM-D). RESULT: Most patients(20 of 21) with neuroleptic induced akathisia(NIA) showed improvement under the treatment of cyproheptadine. There was no aggravation of psychosis or depression during the treatment. Symptoms of akathisia aggravated when cyproheptadine was discontinued. CONCLUSION: Cyproheptadine may be useful in the treatment of neuroleptic induced akathisia(NIA).
Cyproheptadine* ; Depression ; Humans ; Psychomotor Agitation* ; Psychotic Disorders

This study was carried out to develop a Korean language version of Zung's self-rating depression scale (SDS). The subjects consisted of 173 males and 161 females drawn from various groups of the general population by a cluster of sampling methods. In order to analyze the data on depression scores, Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient method was carried .out, as well as reliability and factor analysis, by the SPSS/PC+ program. The results obtained were as follows: The mean average of the total depression scores were 40.60. 8.66 for the subjects. Thirty-seven subjects (11.1%) showed high depression scores of 50 or over. Test-retest reliability(coefficient r=0.82, p <0.001), internal consistency(coefficient r=0.84, p <0.001) were satisfactory. Factor analysis using oblique technique rotation yielded five factors. The items of confusion, indecisiveness, decreased libido, diurnal variation, and psychomotor retardation were scored higher by the subjects. The items of suicidal rumination, psychomotor agitation, constipation, irritability, and weight loss were scored lower.
Constipation ; Depression* ; Female ; Humans ; Libido ; Male ; Psychomotor Agitation ; Weight Loss

The authors studied depression in 5,869 college students (male: 3,893, female: 1,976) using Zung's Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS). The results are as follows: 1) Female college students showed significantly higher total depression scores than male college students (p<0.001). 2) The items of confusion, indecisiveness, and psychomotor retardation were scored higher in both groups and the items of suicidal rumination, psychomotor agitation, constipation and tachycardia were scored lower in both groups. 3) 18.2% of male college students showed rather serious depression level of score 50 or higher, while 33.1% of female college students showed the same scores. 4) The psychosocial factors relating to pessimistic views to past, present & future self-images showed significantly high depression scores. 5) The depression items of fatigue, anxiousness, tachycardia, apprehension, fear, and body aches & pain were correlated significantly over 0.40 of correlation coefficient.
Constipation ; Depression* ; Fatigue ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Psychology ; Psychomotor Agitation ; Tachycardia

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to evaluate the overall effectiveness and tolerability of adjunctive quetiapine in the long-term treatment of bipolar disorder as a continuation therapy. METHODS: Twenty-three bipolar I patients participated and required to have quetiapine add-on treatment in combination with existing or new mood stabilizers. Clinical assessment was carried out using Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), Clinical Global Impression (CGI), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-17 item, Simpson-Angus Rating Scale and Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale at baseline, 1, 4, 12 and 24 weeks. RESULTS: The YMRS and CGI decreased significantly from baseline to endpoint by 89.7% and 78.3%, respectively (p<0.0001 ; p<0.0001). Twenty-two patients exhibited at least 50% improvement on YMRS score by the end of the study. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that quetiapine may hold a promise as an adjunct in the long-term treatment of bipolar disorder.
Bipolar Disorder* ; Depression ; Humans ; Prospective Studies* ; Psychomotor Agitation ; Quetiapine Fumarate

OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to provide preliminary data on the effectiveness and tolerability of intramuscular (IM) olanzapine and IM haloperidol for patients with delirium. METHODS: Sixty-two patients with delirium were randomly assigned to either olanzapine IM or haloperidol IM groups, with a flexible dosing schedule for 7 days. The Delirium Rating Scale-revised-98 (DRS-R-98), clinical global impression-severity (CGI-S) were assessed daily. The Simpson-Angus Rating Scale (SAS), the Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale (BARS) and the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) were used for the assessments of side effects. RESULTS: The DRS-R-98 scores were significantly decreased over time (F=26.02, P<0.0001), without any significant group differences (F=0.048, P=0.829), and time by treatment group interaction (F=5.64, P=0.725). There were no serious adverse events in both groups. The scores on the SAS, BARS, and AIMS were not changed significantly during the study. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that olanzapine IM did not show any superior efficay and safety compared with haloperidol IM in treatment delirium. However our study suggested that either olanzapine IM or haloperidol IM would be effective and tolerable. Adequately powered studies with a head-to-head comparison design will be mandatory to draw any definite conclusion.
Appointments and Schedules ; Delirium* ; Dyskinesias ; Haloperidol* ; Humans ; Psychomotor Agitation

OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to provide preliminary data on the effectiveness and tolerability of intramuscular (IM) olanzapine and IM haloperidol for patients with delirium. METHODS: Sixty-two patients with delirium were randomly assigned to either olanzapine IM or haloperidol IM groups, with a flexible dosing schedule for 7 days. The Delirium Rating Scale-revised-98 (DRS-R-98), clinical global impression-severity (CGI-S) were assessed daily. The Simpson-Angus Rating Scale (SAS), the Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale (BARS) and the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) were used for the assessments of side effects. RESULTS: The DRS-R-98 scores were significantly decreased over time (F=26.02, P<0.0001), without any significant group differences (F=0.048, P=0.829), and time by treatment group interaction (F=5.64, P=0.725). There were no serious adverse events in both groups. The scores on the SAS, BARS, and AIMS were not changed significantly during the study. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that olanzapine IM did not show any superior efficay and safety compared with haloperidol IM in treatment delirium. However our study suggested that either olanzapine IM or haloperidol IM would be effective and tolerable. Adequately powered studies with a head-to-head comparison design will be mandatory to draw any definite conclusion.
Appointments and Schedules ; Delirium* ; Dyskinesias ; Haloperidol* ; Humans ; Psychomotor Agitation

OBJECTIVES : Whether bipolar II disorder (BP-II) is simply a milder form of bipolar I disorder (BP-I) or a valid diagnostic category that could be separated from BP-I, is an issue still under consideration. Investigations exploring differential clinical and biological features of the two conditions are needed to resolve the controversies. This study aimed to obtain a comprehensive view of differences in clinical course and symptoms characteristics between BP-I and BP-II. METHODS : 44 BP-I and 26 BP-II patients were assessed using the Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies (DIGS), Korean version. Demographic data, age at onset, number of (hypo) manic/ depressive episodes, the duration of illness, polarity at onset, seasonality, rapid cycling, atypical depression and symptom profiles of each episode were evaluated. RESULTS : BP-II patients experienced depressive episodes more frequently than BP-I patients after illness onset (U=240.5, p=0.008). More BP-II patients showed seasonality (34.9% vs. 61.5%) and a rapid cycling course (4.5% vs. 18.2%). When comparing symptom profiles of manic/hypomanic episodes, irritable mood, decreased sleep need, inattention, reckless behavior, arrogant/provocative attitude and frequent outbursts of anger were less encountered in BP-II patients. In depressive episodes, leaden paralysis and psychomotor agitation were more frequently observed in BP-II patients. There was no significant difference between the two groups in psychotic symptoms of depressive episode. CONCLUSION : BP-I and BP-II disorders showed differences in clinical courses and symptom profiles. BP-II disorder seems to be less severe than BP-I disorder with regard to the intensity of manic symptoms, but more severe with respect to frequencies of depressive episodes. These results provide additional evidence supporting the distinction of BP-I and BP-II as separate diagnos-tic categories that might have different genetic profiles and/or biological mechanisms.
Anger ; Depression ; Humans ; Irritable Mood ; Paralysis ; Psychomotor Agitation ; Seasons