PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to construct and test a structural equation model on nursing work outcomes based on Youssef and Luthans' positive psychological capital and integrated conceptual framework of work performance.METHODS: This study used a structured questionnaire administered to 340 nurses. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling.RESULTS: Positive psychological capital showed indirect and direct effects on job satisfaction, retention intention, organizational citizenship behavior, and nursing performance. While, the nursing work environment had direct and indirect effects on job satisfaction and nursing performance, it only had indirect effects on intention to work and organizational citizenship behavior. Additionally, a mediating effect on retention intention and organizational citizenship behavior was found between job satisfaction and nursing performance variables.CONCLUSION: The nursing organization needs to build a supportive work environment and reinforce positive psychological capital to improve nursing performance. Additionally, it needs to actively manage the necessary parameters involved in the stages of job satisfaction, retention intention, nursing performance, and organizational citizenship behavior of nurses. The findings propose the continuous management of nursing personnel based on nurses' attitude outcome, behavioral intention, behavioral outcome, and stage of role performance.
Attitude of Health Personnel ; Intention ; Job Satisfaction ; Negotiating ; Nursing ; Psychology, Industrial ; Task Performance and Analysis ; Work Performance

BACKGROUND: Health risk assessments (HRA) are used by many organisations as a basis for developing relevant and targeted employee health and well-being interventions. However, many HRA's have a western-centric focus and therefore it is unclear whether the results can be directly extrapolated to those from non-western countries. More information regarding the differences in the associations between country status and health risks is needed along with a more global perspective of employee health risk factors and well-being overall. Therefore we aimed to i) quantify and compare associations for a number of health risk factors based on country status, and then ii) explore which characteristics can aid better prediction of well-being levels and in turn workplace productivity globally. METHODS: Online employee HRA data collected from 254 multi-national companies, for the years 2013 through 2016 was analysed (n = 117,274). Multiple linear regression models were fitted, adjusting for age and gender, to quantify associations between country status and health risk factors. Separate regression models were used to assess the prediction of well-being measures related to productivity. RESULTS: On average, the developing countries were comprised of younger individuals with lower obesity rates and markedly higher job satisfaction compared to their developed country counterparts. However, they also reported higher levels of anxiety and depression, a greater number of health risks and lower job effectiveness. Assessment of key factors related to productivity found that region of residency was the biggest predictor of presenteeism and poor pain management was the biggest predictor of absenteeism. CONCLUSIONS: Clear differences in health risks exist between employees from developed and developing countries and these should be considered when addressing well-being and productivity in the global workforce. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40557-017-0172-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Absenteeism ; Anxiety ; Depression ; Developed Countries ; Developing Countries ; Efficiency ; Internship and Residency ; Job Satisfaction ; Linear Models ; Obesity ; Occupational Health* ; Pain Management ; Presenteeism ; Risk Assessment ; Risk Factors ; Work Performance*

PURPOSE: This review aimed to integrate the results of studies related to presenteeism in clinical nurses and to suggest directions for future research. METHODS: The search for relevant studies was conducted using six data bases according to predetermined index terms, “nurs*” and “presenteeism.” Thirteen studies that met the inclusion criteria were selected and analyzed. RESULTS: This review found that the conceptual use and scope of presenteeism were not consistent among the studies. Most studies investigated the nurses' health-related variables as the most important factors and reported their positive association with presenteeism. Presenteeism was also found to be associated with job stress, job satisfaction, social support, and organizational culture and had a negative impact on nursing outcomes such as patient safety. CONCLUSION: The research on presenteeism can be used as a way to explain outcomes in the field of nursing where direct measurement of productivity is difficult. Presenteeism is a multidimensional problem, and a theoretical foundation is needed to explain the presenteeism of clinical nurses.
Efficiency ; Job Satisfaction ; Nursing ; Organizational Culture ; Patient Safety ; Presenteeism*

BACKGROUND: Presenteeism, a concept that has recently undergone active study, is the act of attending work while sick. This study investigates the association between presenteeism and various psychosocial factors within workplaces. METHODS: This study analyzed 29246 wage earners from the third Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS, 2011) data using the logistic regression analysis to investigate the association between presenteeism and various psychosocial factors within workplaces. RESULTS: Among the 29246 wage earners, 6347 (21.7 %) showed presenteeism. Those who experienced age discrimination at work (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.77: 95 % CI 1.56–2.00), educational background discrimination (aOR 1.35: 95 % CI 1.22–1.51), regional discrimination (aOR 1.55: 95 % CI 1.31–1.83), sexual discrimination (aOR 1.65: 95 % CI 1.41–1.94), employment type discrimination (aOR 2.13: 95 % CI 1.89–2.40), physical violence (aOR 1.92: 95 % CI 1.45–2.55), sexual harassment (aOR 2.90: 95 % CI 2.01–4.19), job insecurity (aOR 1.36: 95 % CI 1.18–1.56), work–life imbalance (aOR 1.38: 95 % CI 1.29–1.47), low job satisfaction (aOR 2.04: 95 % CI 1.91–2.17), no colleague support (aOR 1.11: 95 % CI 1.02–1.21), job stress (aOR 1.89: 95 % CI 1.76–2.02), emotional labor (aOR 1.50: 95 % CI 1.41–1.60), high work intensity (aOR 1.31: 95 % CI 1.23–1.38), and 3 groups of job strain that are passive group (aOR 1.09: 95 % CI 1.00–1.18), active group (aOR 1.39: 95 % CI 1.28–1.51), and high strain group (aOR 1.35: 95 % CI 1.24–1.46) showed an increased risk of presenteeism compared to their respective counterparts (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The study results confirmed the association between presenteeism and various psychosocial factors within workplaces. Considering that presenteeism negatively affects productivity and the mental and physical health of individuals, managing various psychosocial factors within workplaces is proposed to reduce presenteeism.
Ageism ; Discrimination (Psychology) ; Efficiency ; Employment ; Job Satisfaction ; Logistic Models ; Odds Ratio ; Physical Abuse ; Presenteeism* ; Psychology* ; Salaries and Fringe Benefits ; Sexual Harassment

OBJECTIVES: Organizations have recently introduced Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs) to promote work performance by helping employees to solve their current problems and reduce stress levels. This cross-sectional, retrospective study was conducted to measure features of work performance among EAP users in Korea. METHODS: Measurements were taken by employee surveys and employee records. Lost productivity time, job/organizational involvement, and job satisfaction were measured among 332 EAP users in ten organizations in Korea, which had introduced EAPs as of 2009. EAP users responded to measurements after one to three months after enrollment in EAP counseling service. A convenience sample of 297 workers, who had not used an EAP counseling service during the study period, was used as a comparison group. RESULTS: Compared with non-users, the EAP users showed more presenteeism (53.22 vs. 47.63 hours per four weeks, p=0.025) and more total lost productivity time (p=0.020). Job satisfaction was correlated with presenteeism. CONCLUSION: EAP users showed decreased productivity. It would appear that EAP counseling is a useful program for those who are present at workplace but suffering from decreased performance due to personal stress. This study indicates the need for a prospective outcome study to assess the economic and clinical value of EAPs.
Absenteeism ; Counseling ; Efficiency ; Employment ; Humans ; Job Satisfaction ; Korea ; Outcome Assessment (Health Care) ; Retrospective Studies ; Stress, Psychological

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify factors affecting clinical nurses' presenteeism. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional design was used in which participants completed self-report questionnaires that consisted of measures for nurses' job satisfaction, job stress, professionalism and presenteeism. 267 nurses working in general hospital participated in this study. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate predictors of the presenteeism in clinical nurses. RESULTS: 250 nurses experienced one or more health problems last one month. The group who experienced presenteeism during the last one year had significant differences in professionalism and perceived productivity. Predictors of sickness presenteeism in clinical nurses included work experience, total health problem and last 1 year absenteeism. Last 1 year absenteeism and total health problem were strongly related to presenteeism in clinical nurses. CONCLUSION: Major findings of this study indicated that in dealing with nurses' presenteeism, not only managing nurses' job stress and job satisfaction but also providing flexible work schedule and increasing staffing level as an organizational approach are necessary to be considered. Further repeated and expanded research is needed to explore the multidimensional aspects of nurses' presenteeism including a broad range of work setting and the influence of Korean nurses' organizational culture on presenteeism.
Absenteeism ; Appointments and Schedules ; Efficiency ; Hospitals, General ; Job Satisfaction ; Logistic Models ; Organizational Culture ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the mental health and presenteeism of early childhood teachers and to explore the effects of working conditions and job satisfaction on these. METHODS: Data from the 4thKorean Work Environment Survey were used. The sample consisted of 474 female early-childhood teachers from private facilities. Mental health was measured using the WHO-Wellbeing Index. Presenteeism was attributed to a participant upon indication that, during the past 12 months, she had ever attended work, despite being sick. The data by complex sample design were analyzed through the Rao-Scott χ2 test and logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: 37.9% of early childhood teachers reported poor mental health and 34.2% had experienced presenteeism. Early childhood teachers in permanent employment, who did not work evening shifts, and with sustainable jobs, were more likely to have better mental health. Moreover, those in permanent employment and remunerated appropriately were less likely to experience presenteeism. CONCLUSION: Type of employment, number of days working in the evening, and job sustainability affect mental health. Further, type of employment, number of workers, and being well paid have an effect on presenteeism. We suggest that improved working conditions should precede the improvement of early-childhood teachers' mental health.
Employment ; Female ; Humans ; Job Satisfaction ; Logistic Models ; Mental Health ; Presenteeism

INTRODUCTION: Costs associated with chronic psoriasis impart a significant economic burden.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to determine the direct and indirect cost of psoriasis patients in a tertiary government hospital in Davao City.

METHODS: Plaque-type psoriasis patients who were actively seeking care at the Southern Philippines Medical Center Department of Dermatology for at least 6 months prior to the study period were included. The participants reported on socioeconomic status, productivity loss and monetary funding through questionnaires. Work impairment was evaluated using the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment questionnaire and was used to compute the indirect cost. A 6-month retrospective review of the health information system and medical charts generated the healthcare resource utilization data as well as the medical data used to compute the direct cost.

RESULTS: Among the 43 participants enrolled, 53% had a monthly household income of less than PHP8,000 (USD157) and 27% were unemployed. There was an overall work impairment of 65.4%, and 55% had experienced a change in employment status due to psoriasis. The mean 6-month direct cost of psoriasis was PHP22,672.28 ($445). The mean 6-month indirect cost was PHP 26,071.20 ($511) for employment status change and PHP 75,804.30 ($1,486) for work impairment. Government agencies provided financial aid for treatment but majority of the costs came from the participants' own pockets.

CONCLUSION: The economic burden of psoriasis increased substantially due to the indirect cost, which in turn increased remarkably due to work impairment and employment status change.

Cardiovascular Diseases ; etiology ; Humans ; Psychology, Industrial

PURPOSE: This study was done to provide data that would contribute to effective task performance in clinical nursing and development of nursing professional by understanding job stress, job satisfaction and organizational commitment according to Life Organization (LIFO) behavior types of novice nurses. METHODS: This study was a cross-sectional survey and the participants were 313 novice nurses who worked in one university hospital located in the city of Gwangju. Data were collected through the structured questionnaires that included general characteristics, job stress, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment scales. Collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and ANOVA with SPSS/WIN 19.0. RESULTS: Regarding job stress according to LIFO behavior types of novice nurses, there were statistically significant differences between the favorable situation and the unfavorable situation. There were also statistically significant differences regarding the organizational commitment according to LIFO behavior types. CONCLUSION: The results indicate a difference in behavior patterns of novice nurses that suggest a need for education in order to reduce stress from the job and enhance organizational commitment by developing each nurse's preferred pattern and compensating for unfavorable patterns, as well. There also needs to be nursing resources that take into consideration behavior patterns of novice nurses.
Cross-Sectional Studies ; Education ; Gwangju ; Job Satisfaction* ; Nursing ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Task Performance and Analysis ; Weights and Measures