The aim of this article is to understand group psychotherapy. In group psychotherapy, psychoanalytic theory and cognitive-behavioral theory have been accepted as perennial effective therapeutic modalities. But nowadays, all theories give the group psychotherapy vitality and liveness as a therapeutic modality in practical setting. The orders of the group psychotherapy that current therapists prefer according to their theoretical background are as follows: psychodynamic/psychoanalytic, group as a whole/systems, transactional analysis/gestalt/redecision, interpersonal/interactional, cognitive/behavioral, object relations, group analysis, psychodrama, existential/humanistic, and self psychology. The practice of group psychotherapy includes four therapy group, encounter group, training group, and education group or self-help group. Therapy group has the goal of symptom relief and personality reconstruction for patients. Encounter group has the goal of self growth and self realization for non-patients. Training group has the goal of training in human relationship and self maturation for mental health personnels. Self help group has the goal of education and support for patient families and patients. Group psychotherapy has been accepted as a therapeutic modality that are equally effective as individual psychotherapy although group psychotherapy has been derived from individual psychotherapy. Recently, individual psychotherapy has been less practiced yearly because of the pressure of economic difficulties of medical insurance in developed countries. Therefore, the importance of group psychotherapy with its therapeutic effectiveness and cost-efficiency is uprising.
Developed Countries ; Education ; Humans ; Insurance ; Mental Health ; Object Attachment ; Psychoanalytic Theory ; Psychodrama ; Psychotherapy ; Psychotherapy, Group* ; Self Psychology ; Self-Help Groups ; Sensitivity Training Groups

Psychoanalysis can be considered as the condominium between the medicine and the literature, or the natural science and the human science, because it nowadays seems to be a kind of the 3rd alternative medicine. Psychoanalysis is obviously psychological therapeutic methodology for the various psychogenic mental conditions through the psychological approaches, nevertheless it has been ignored to many clinicians for the reason of the unscientific theoretical basis. But now we know that some neurologists and psychoanalysts have been cooperative to explore the so-called neurodynamics and neuro-mechanisms for the psychological phenomena in the analytic situations. Why not psychoanalysis is a science? And what is science? We are sure that our psychic world can not be easily confirmed by scientific methodology, but I think that theory without practice is empty, and practice without theory is blind. Therefore I believe that contemporary many neuro-psychoanalytic researches will show us some clues to psychoanalytic theory and techniques, but there shall be many limitations. More deeply we explore the human psyche, more we can not assure that.
Complementary Therapies ; Humans ; Natural Science Disciplines ; Psychoanalysis* ; Psychoanalytic Theory

PURPOSE: It has been presumed that male sexual dysfunction correlates highly with psychological factors. We assessed psychological factors such as anxiety, depression, and gender role in patients of psychogenic impotence. We also evaluated the differences in serum lipid profile, norepinephrine and serotonin between the patients and age-matched control subjects. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Twenty-five men with psychogenic impotence were enrolled in this study, and thirty patients were enrolled as the age-matched control subjects. Lipid profile and norepinephrine were measured with random blood samples. Twenty-four hour urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), a urinary metabolite of serotonin, was measured. Psychological assessment, including Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) for anxiety, and the Bem Sexual Inventory (BSRI) for gender role, was conducted. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the patients and control subjects I any laboratory test except low-density lipoprotein (LDL). The value of LDL wee within normal reference ranges but significantly higher in the patients (p<0.05). Scores for depression (p<0.001), psychasthenia (p<0.001), social introversion (p<0.001), schizophrenia (p<0.01), hypochondriasis (p<0.05), and hysteria (p<0.05) were significantly higher in men with sexual dysfunction than in the controls. Patients with sexual dysfunction had higher scores for state and trait anxiety, especially trait anxiety, than the control subjects (p<0.05). In BSRI, a female profile was more apparent in patients than in the control group (37% versus 14%). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that psychosocial factors such as stress, anxiety, and depression are highly correlates with male sexual dysfunction. These factors are poorly correlated with random norepinephrine, lipid profiles and serotonin in the patients with sexual dysfunction.
Anxiety* ; Depression* ; Erectile Dysfunction ; Female ; Gender Identity* ; Humans ; Hypochondriasis ; Hysteria ; Introversion (Psychology) ; Lipoproteins ; Male* ; MMPI ; Norepinephrine ; Psychology* ; Reference Values ; Schizophrenia ; Serotonin

OBJECTIVES: It has been known that the contents of dreams change according to neuro-developmental differences in sex, progression of age and various environments, unlike the established psychoanalytic theory. To investigate the changes, we collected "most recent dream report" and analyzed the contents of dreams by using Hall/Van de Castle System. METHOD: Most recent dream reports were gathered from age 12-14 years old, 2,673 middle school students (1,544 male 1,129 female) and analyzed those reports using Hall/Van de Castle System. The data were sorted in SAS and dream SAT. RESULT: There were prominent differences between male and female middle school students in Male/Female Percentage (male/female; 56%/35%), Familiarity Percentage (57%/69%), Aggression/Friendliness Percentage (79%/65%), Befriender Percentage (50%/33%), Physical Aggression Percentage (90%/70%), Indoor Setting Percentage (40%/55%), Negative Emotion Percentage (56%/68%) and Torso/Anatomy Percentage (51%/36%). There were significant differences in Male/Female Percentage (65%/44%), Friendliness, Physical Aggression and Self Negativity Percentage in male and there were significant differences in Friendliness, Familiarity and Friends Percent in female between 1st and 2nd grade. But, it showed much similar dream patterns between 2nd and 3rd grade in both gender. In male, Aggression/Character Index with male character is significantly increased by 2nd grade (1st/ 2nd/ 3rd; 0.48/1.04/0.98), In female, Friendliness/Character Index with male character had significantly decreased by 2nd grade (0.38/0.19/0.20). CONCLUSION: There were apparent differences between age 12-14 years old male and female. Male adolescents have differences mostly in categories related with aggression, but female adolescents have differences in categories related with environment or character. It shows that developmental level of male are slower than female as of yet and male needs more active interpersonal relationship to find identity. Otherwise, the influences of passive attitude and actual circumferential environment are reflected in female's dream. There are no prominent differences among ages, but age 12-13 years old adolescents shows significant differences in interacting with the other gender. It means that circumferential environment and interpersonal relationship affect the contents of dreams and also the cognitive development related to age and sex. Afterwards, the development of dreams could be better understood through the neurocognitive study and dream analysis between other ages and nations.
Adolescent* ; Aggression ; Dreams* ; Female ; Friends ; Humans ; Male ; Psychoanalytic Theory ; Recognition (Psychology)

Background: Visual images are used to communicate health effectively, yet visual gender representation in the context of health is not well established as most studies focused on effectiveness, awareness, adoption, or behavior change. Objectives: This study explored emerging gender myths in visual images used to communicate reproductive health, maternal health, family and nutrition, breastfeeding, and childcare with the premise that visuals may shape notions of gender roles and identities. Methodology: Selected images from flipcharts produced by development communication practitioners were analyzed using Kress and Van Leeuwen's social semiotics (2006). Interpretive visual analysis was used to analyze visual impacts (denotation) and cultural meanings (connotation) by Barthes' Order of Signification, and gender roles and identity naturalized by the images. Results: Images for health communication used more women as subjects relative to the topics that are primarily women's concern. The subject's gaze were indirect offered as items of information, showing a relation of symbolic equality, and implying that health topics are part of the social discourse. Visual impacts and cultural meanings of images uncovered myths that embody the roles, and identities, and social expectations of men and women in health. Emerging gender myths have to do with anatomy, mainly as basis for the role, identity, and expectations, especially of women as main actors in health. Conclusion This study reveals that gender roles and identities portrayed in health are still universal and are not historically and culturally contingent.
Gender Role ; Gender Identity

Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Blindness ; rehabilitation ; Bonding, Human-Pet ; Culture ; Dogs ; Humans ; Locomotion ; Singapore

PURPOSE: Even though many studies have indicated that the personality of medical students affects learning style and academic achievement, the effect of personality types on the performance skill tests has not been well known in the medical field due to the rarity of published papers. Thus, the aim of this study was to reveal the effect of personal traits on clinical skill performance tests. METHODS: Fifty-seven fourth-grade medical students were enrolled in this study. They had all completed clinical performance tests. To assess personality types, we used the Korean version of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). RESULTS: Fifty-five of 57 senior medical students responded completely to the MBTI questionnaire. The proportion of four paired MBTI dimensions was Introversion (I)-Extroversion (E) (67.3% vs. 32.7%), Sensing (S)-Intuition (I) (76.4% vs. 23.6%), Thinking (T)-Feeling (F) (61.8% vs. 38.2%), and Judging (J)-Perception (P) (56.4% vs. 43.6%). The dominant personality types were ISTJ (23.6%), ESTJ (14.5%), and ISTP (10.9%). The first objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) test showed higher scores in Extraversion, Judging, and Sensing-Judging types compared to the counterparts (p<0.05), but this effect was not observed in the second OSCE test. On the clinical performance examination, Extraversion, Sensing, and Judging types had a higher score, as measured by standardized patients. CONCLUSION: Specific personal traits affect the test scores of the clinical performance skill examinations. So, personality measurement might be a useful tool for understanding a student who has difficulty in performance tests. We hope this study will give valuable information to examiners when they instruct and counsel students about clinical performance tests.
Achievement ; Clinical Competence ; Extraversion (Psychology) ; Humans ; Introversion (Psychology) ; Learning ; Personality Inventory ; Students, Medical ; Thinking ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to test the construct validity of the Type D personality scale (DS14). METHODS: The DS14 and other personality scales, which have good construct validity (MMPI-2), TCI-RS, MBTI, NEO-PI-R) were administered to 151 college students. Correlation and regression analyses were performed to evaluate the validity of the DS14. RESULTS: There were significant positive correlations between the DS14 total score and scores on the F, D, Pa, Pt, Sc, Si and 'negative emotionality' scales (MMPI-2), the 'harm avoidance' scale (TCI), the 'neuroticism' scale (NEO-PI-R), and the 'introversion' scale (MBIT). Additionally, there were significant negative correlations between the DS14 total score and extroversion, agreeableness, openness to experience, cooperativeness, and reward dependence scales. Stepwise regression analysis also showed coherent RESULTS: negative emotionality, introversion, RCd and RC2 (MMPI-2), harm avoidance (TCI), neuroticism (NEO-PI-R), introversion, thinking (MBIT) scales were selected as significant explanatory variables. CONCLUSION: Individuals with a Type-D personality, as assessed by the DS14, seem to have a tendency to experience negative emotions such as depression and anxiety. As a construct, Type-D personality also seems to be closely related to neuroticism and introversion. These results indicate that the DS14 has sound construct validity as a screening tool for measuring stress-vulnerability traits, that is to say, type-D personality.
Anxiety ; Anxiety Disorders ; Depression ; Extraversion (Psychology) ; Humans ; Introversion (Psychology) ; Mass Screening ; Reward ; Thinking ; Weights and Measures

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationships between the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) psychological type and marital satisfaction, divorce proneness, positive affect, and conflict regulation in couple visiting a clinic. METHODS: Couples (n=62) who visited "M" couple clinic participated in the study. Data were collected from March to June 2009 using the Marital Satisfaction Scale, Marital Status Inventory, Positive Affect Inventory, and Conflict Regulation Inventory. RESULTS: The couples showed no significant differences in marital satisfaction, positive affect, and conflict regulation according to similarities between spouses in MBTI types. However, they showed significant differences in divorce proneness of husband according to a similarity in the Sensing/Intuition indicator. They also showed significant differences in divorce proneness, positive affect, and conflict regulation between the couples for ISTJ (Introversion, Sensing, Thinking, Judging) or ESTJ (Extraversion, Sensing, Thinking, Judging) types compared to other couples. CONCLUSION: When nurses counsel couples, they should understand that differences in psychological type between spouses affects their marital relationship. In addition, nurses should educate couples on the characteristics of each type according to the couple's types and help them to understand each other, especially for couples where one spouse is the ISTJ/ESTJ type. These interventions will improve marital satisfaction and prevent the divorce in these couples.
Adult ; *Conflict (Psychology) ; *Divorce ; Extraversion (Psychology) ; Female ; Humans ; Introversion (Psychology) ; Judgment ; Male ; *Marriage ; Middle Aged ; *Personality Inventory ; Spouses/psychology ; Thinking

Background: Normally, gender of human is indentified according to enternal sexual organ. However in several cases the patient\u2019s gender is not able to identify based on enternal sexual organ. In these cases test for gender identification is need. Objectives: Identify relationship between clinical condition of the external sexual organ and sexual chromosome. Subjects and method: 119 patients with diagnosis of \u201cunclear gender identification\ufffd?made by hospitals in Ha noi. Culture of peripheral blood, analyze sexual chromosome, comparing with gender indentification proposed in neonatal period and gender indentified by physical at time of examination. Results: 87/119 cases (73,11%) have male sexual chromosome. According of gender proposed in neonatal period to sexual chromosome are 76,90% for children considered \u201cboy\ufffd?and only 33,33% for \u201cgirl\ufffd? The according percentage is higher at time of examination (mean age is 6,4 years old). There are 4 cases of female phenotype with XY sexual chromosome. Conclusion: In cases with unclear gender identification in neonatal period: 73,11% cases have male sexual chromosome (XY). Apprasal gender at neonatal period is difficulty accurate, especialy for children considered girl (the according rate is only 33,33%). \ufffd?Detect 4 cases of \u201ctesticular femiuization\ufffd?
Sex Chromosomes ; Gender Identity ;