The authors reviewed the histories of the use of the term empathy, the different meanings of empathy, the origins of empathetic abilities, the referents for empathy, the paradoxical attitude of empathy, the therapeutic effect of empathy and the inadequate uses of empathy by referring to the recent psychoanalytic articles. We wanted to provide the psychoanalytic understanding of empathy for analytic psychotherapists. The important points for the psychoanalytic understandings of empathy were as follows:First, empathy is not a goal, but a method in the therapeutic process. Second, the empathetic attitude can be started at the beginning of treatment, yet it takes time for empathy to function in the treatment. Third, when providing empathy, a therapist needs both a subjective sense of sympathy for a patient and objective observation of the interaction between them during the treatment sessions. Fourth, a therapist needs to decrease his/her own narcissistic and omnipotent aspects and to use structured receptivity when providing empathy. Fifth, the process of empathy can be thought to be the result of the interaction between the patient and the therapist. Sixth, it may be more useful for a therapist to understand a patient through empathy rather than to provide a cure for a patient through empathy.
Empathy ; Humans ; Psychoanalysis

The author described a case of 23-year-old male patient named H with phobia in many years, concurrently suffering the complex as Oedipe complex. The undispelled unconscious Oedipe complex caused neurosis. Using the psychoanalysis and cognitive behavior therapy for mother, father and H. obtained great results. H. found his work and the Oedipe complex was dispelled.
Phobic Disorders ; Psychoanalysis

The authors reviewed the meanings of a psychoanalytic setting, which is composed of a patient's free association and an analyst's analytic neutrality. In particular, this was done by discussing the definitions of a psychoanalytic setting, the functions of free association, and the development of the meanings of analytic neutrality over time. The purpose this wasto provide an understanding of a psychoanalytic setting for psychoanalytic therapists. To fully understanda psychoanalytic setting, the several points must be considered. Firstly, a patient's introspection about his/her inner world in the presence of an analyst in a psychoanalytic setting facilitates the development of the psychoanalytic process. Secondly, both a patient's reflective functioning of his/her mental process and a patient's relational experiences of transference feelings toward their analyst is important for analytic treatment. Thirdly, a patient's progress withfree association during treatment sessions indicates spontaneity, a motivation to be cured from a patient's standpoint. Fourthly, a patient and an analyst become aware of the meaning of a patient's materials from free association through the process of Ed-highlight: Unclear. I'm not sure what you mean by this word. Are you referring to the patient's thoughts or feelings? free association itself. Fifth, the main aim of analytic neutrality is to understand the patient's psychic reality, and it is important to understand this reality through interaction between a patient and an analyst
Free Association ; Humans ; Motivation ; Psychoanalysis

In this paper, first of all we compared psychoanalysis with psychodrama by a historical point of view. Next, we reviewed group Psychotherapy generally and considered the position of psychodrama through the comparison with various types of soup psychotherapy On the basis of this consideration, we compared Yalom's group psychotherapy as a typical type of group psychotherapy with psychodrama. Lastly, we discussed the application of group psychotherapy and psychodrama to each other. Psychoanalysis, psychodrama, and group psychotherapy developed separately at similar times in different fields. finally, these three fields met with one another in the field of psychiatry. Each of these three fields changed itself as a result of absorbing various things from one another. Therefore, nowadays these fields became to have a close relation with one another. Psychodrama is in a position as a type of group psychotherapies, so it is important to understand group Psychotherapy generally for understanding Psychodrama. Psychodrama has similar aspects to other group psychotherapies, but also has different aspects from other group psychotherapies. When we understand these aspects, we can conduct therapeutic works effectively in practice. Psychodrama's methods can be applied to group psychotherapy and group psychotherapy's theories can applied to psychodrama. When psychodrama and group psychotherapy takes good points from the other side they can make progress.
Psychoanalysis ; Psychodrama* ; Psychotherapy ; Psychotherapy, Group*

In the present paper, the dreams of a young man, experienced during one and one half years of psychoanalysis, are examined in terms of both therapeutic use and the function of the dream. Major theories of dream interpretation are compared with the author's actual experience in working with the patient's dreams, in order to examine the validity of the various theories. The most frequent function of dreams was found to be wish-fulfillment,* and the most therapeutic function was self-balancing (compensation). Of the various aspects of dream interpretation, the most striking was the strong impact on the patient when his dream provided for him concrete evidence of the links between his early experiences, transference, and current life situation.
Adult ; Depression/psychology ; Dreams* ; Human ; Male ; Psychoanalysis*

Psychoanalysis can be considered as the condominium between the medicine and the literature, or the natural science and the human science, because it nowadays seems to be a kind of the 3rd alternative medicine. Psychoanalysis is obviously psychological therapeutic methodology for the various psychogenic mental conditions through the psychological approaches, nevertheless it has been ignored to many clinicians for the reason of the unscientific theoretical basis. But now we know that some neurologists and psychoanalysts have been cooperative to explore the so-called neurodynamics and neuro-mechanisms for the psychological phenomena in the analytic situations. Why not psychoanalysis is a science? And what is science? We are sure that our psychic world can not be easily confirmed by scientific methodology, but I think that theory without practice is empty, and practice without theory is blind. Therefore I believe that contemporary many neuro-psychoanalytic researches will show us some clues to psychoanalytic theory and techniques, but there shall be many limitations. More deeply we explore the human psyche, more we can not assure that.
Complementary Therapies ; Humans ; Natural Science Disciplines ; Psychoanalysis* ; Psychoanalytic Theory

Caregiving for the children seems to be one of the most challenging tasks for the parents who should devote themselves totally despite endangering them. From the evolutionary perspective, this human behavior must have been the advantage in the survival of the species and rooted in ethological origin. John Bowlby, a child psychiatrist, psychoanalyst, and great developmental researcher, had formulated the attachment theory linking psychoanalysis and ethology through evolutionary biology. His and later following researchers' outcomes have provided enormous influence on viewing parental caregiving and the insight of human relationships and interventions. This article overviews the attachment theory in terms of the goal oriented cybernetic system to gain the survival advantage of the offspring and investigates the evolutionary origin of the caregiving and attachment from the retiles of the Mesozoic era to the mammalian revolution and finally to the human being. Deeper understanding of the nurturance and adult relationships from the standpoint of evolution can provide clinical utility of awareness of clients' lives.
Adult ; Biology ; Child ; Cybernetics ; Ethology ; Humans ; Parents ; Psychiatry ; Psychoanalysis

The attachment theory, which was developed half a century ago by a British psychiatrist and psychoanalyst, John Bowlby, is the most fundamental theory for raising infants and children. His colleagues, Mary Ainsworth and James Robertson, contributed to proving Bowlby's theory with scientific ways. Many neo- Bowlbyans continue to apply theories for raising children and also for use in clinical practices. Attachment refers to the process by which people develop specific, positive emotional bonds with others. When suitably formed, people want to keep proximity with an attached object, feel safety from the object as a secure base, and resist when separated. In general, attachment has developed between infants and caregivers, mainly mothers. It usually continues till adulthood and sometimes until the next generation. Attachment is an individual affectional bond, and also can be an influential factor to decide the social policies of related realms. Therefore, the attachment theory provides very useful knowledge for child rearing parents, very practical data for doctors and allied professionals, and also very important decision framework for social policy makers.
Caregivers ; Child ; Child Rearing ; Humans ; Infant ; Mothers ; Object Attachment ; Parents ; Psychiatry ; Psychoanalysis ; Public Policy

Among the mood disorders in the elderly aged older than 65, dysthymia, major depression, and mania constitute the prototypes and depressed mood is the most frequent symptom. The mode of psychotherapy and psychosocial therapy for geriatric depression, which are similar throughout adulhood, include brief dynamic psychotherapy, interpersonal psychotherapy, psychoanalytic psychotherapy and psychoanalysis, supportive psychotherapy, cognitive therapy, family therapy, and group therapy. Psychotherapy alone is of value primarily in dysthymia and major depression. Short-term cognitive therapy, brief dynamic psychotherapy, and interpersonal psychothearapy have been found to be effective, without medications, in high-functioning elders suffering from major depression with minimal or no cognitive impairment. Cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy may be the treatment of choice in the depressed medically ill. Whatever technique is utilized, it is important to be aware of the dynamic issues that are prevalent in geriatric depression patients, as well as the transference and countertransferenc problems that may be aroused.
Aged ; Bipolar Disorder ; Cognitive Therapy ; Depression ; Family Therapy ; Humans ; Mood Disorders* ; Psychoanalysis ; Psychotherapy* ; Psychotherapy, Group

Among the mood disorders in the elderly aged older than 65, dysthymia, major depression, and mania constitute the prototypes and depressed mood is the most frequent symptom. The mode of psychotherapy and psychosocial therapy for geriatric depression, which are similar throughout adulhood, include brief dynamic psychotherapy, interpersonal psychotherapy, psychoanalytic psychotherapy and psychoanalysis, supportive psychotherapy, cognitive therapy, family therapy, and group therapy. Psychotherapy alone is of value primarily in dysthymia and major depression. Short-term cognitive therapy, brief dynamic psychotherapy, and interpersonal psychothearapy have been found to be effective, without medications, in high-functioning elders suffering from major depression with minimal or no cognitive impairment. Cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy may be the treatment of choice in the depressed medically ill. Whatever technique is utilized, it is important to be aware of the dynamic issues that are prevalent in geriatric depression patients, as well as the transference and countertransferenc problems that may be aroused.
Aged ; Bipolar Disorder ; Cognitive Therapy ; Depression ; Family Therapy ; Humans ; Mood Disorders* ; Psychoanalysis ; Psychotherapy* ; Psychotherapy, Group