The Oedipus complex is a phenomenon observed in both Eastern and Western cultures. It involves a transition from a child’s early connection with their mother to a more complex relationship that includes the father. The interpretation of this period has evolved from Freud’s idea of the father acquiring a “super-ego” to a modern understanding of acquiring masculinity, autonomy from parental authority, and developing the capacity for other loving relationships. Successfully navigating the Oedipus period requires not just a father figure as a source of fear, but a father who is supportive and willing to make sacrifices for their child’s growth. It is im-portant to resolve any negative countertransference experienced by the father in this role, as it greatly influences the smooth com-pletion of this period. To address the countertransference that inevitably arises during the Oedipus period, religious and philosophical ideas can serve a role similar to that of a supervisor in the analysis process. However, applying Eastern religious and philosophical ideas, such as Confucianism (Yu-gyo), may be challenging due to their emphasis on vertical relationships. Fortunately, the concept of “hyo” holds promise for the future, as it embodies a principle of mutualism that can be applied in a modern context, despite its seemingly vertical foundation.

Objectives: The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition provides an alternative model for dimensional assessment of personality disorders (AMPD). In Criterion A of the alternative model, the presence and severity of personality disorders are indicated by the Level of Personality Functioning. The Level of Personality Functioning Scale–Self Report (LPFS-SR) was further developed to readily assess the construct. This study aimed to examine rudimentary reliability and validity of the translated Korean version of the LPFS-SR. Methods: A total of 395 participants completed an online survey that included the LPFS-SR and the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-IV (MCMI-IV). The present study examined internal consistency and item-total score correlations within the four components (identity, self-direction, empathy, and intimacy) of personality functioning characterized in Criterion A of the AMPD. Criterion validity was also examined for previously validated measures of personality pathology. Results: Internal consistency within the four personality functioning components of the LPFS-SR ranged from 0.80 to 0.89. Items of reversed form and contents that required interpersonal self-awareness were weakly correlated with the LPFSSR total score, while items related to general distress and dissatisfaction were strongly correlated with the LPFS-SR total score.The LPFS-SR total score was strongly correlated with MCMI-IV scales of Schizotypal, Melancholic, and Borderline, whereas compulsive and histrionic scales were minimally correlated. Partial correlations remained consistent after controlling for the effect of psychological distress, suggesting the robustness of the criterion validity. Conclusion The LPFS-SR demonstrated high internal consistency and criterion validity with extant measures of personality pathology.

The Oedipus complex is a phenomenon observed in both Eastern and Western cultures. It involves a transition from a child’s early connection with their mother to a more complex relationship that includes the father. The interpretation of this period has evolved from Freud’s idea of the father acquiring a “super-ego” to a modern understanding of acquiring masculinity, autonomy from parental authority, and developing the capacity for other loving relationships. Successfully navigating the Oedipus period requires not just a father figure as a source of fear, but a father who is supportive and willing to make sacrifices for their child’s growth. It is im-portant to resolve any negative countertransference experienced by the father in this role, as it greatly influences the smooth com-pletion of this period. To address the countertransference that inevitably arises during the Oedipus period, religious and philosophical ideas can serve a role similar to that of a supervisor in the analysis process. However, applying Eastern religious and philosophical ideas, such as Confucianism (Yu-gyo), may be challenging due to their emphasis on vertical relationships. Fortunately, the concept of “hyo” holds promise for the future, as it embodies a principle of mutualism that can be applied in a modern context, despite its seemingly vertical foundation.

Objectives: The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition provides an alternative model for dimensional assessment of personality disorders (AMPD). In Criterion A of the alternative model, the presence and severity of personality disorders are indicated by the Level of Personality Functioning. The Level of Personality Functioning Scale–Self Report (LPFS-SR) was further developed to readily assess the construct. This study aimed to examine rudimentary reliability and validity of the translated Korean version of the LPFS-SR. Methods: A total of 395 participants completed an online survey that included the LPFS-SR and the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-IV (MCMI-IV). The present study examined internal consistency and item-total score correlations within the four components (identity, self-direction, empathy, and intimacy) of personality functioning characterized in Criterion A of the AMPD. Criterion validity was also examined for previously validated measures of personality pathology. Results: Internal consistency within the four personality functioning components of the LPFS-SR ranged from 0.80 to 0.89. Items of reversed form and contents that required interpersonal self-awareness were weakly correlated with the LPFSSR total score, while items related to general distress and dissatisfaction were strongly correlated with the LPFS-SR total score.The LPFS-SR total score was strongly correlated with MCMI-IV scales of Schizotypal, Melancholic, and Borderline, whereas compulsive and histrionic scales were minimally correlated. Partial correlations remained consistent after controlling for the effect of psychological distress, suggesting the robustness of the criterion validity. Conclusion The LPFS-SR demonstrated high internal consistency and criterion validity with extant measures of personality pathology.

The Oedipus complex is a phenomenon observed in both Eastern and Western cultures. It involves a transition from a child’s early connection with their mother to a more complex relationship that includes the father. The interpretation of this period has evolved from Freud’s idea of the father acquiring a “super-ego” to a modern understanding of acquiring masculinity, autonomy from parental authority, and developing the capacity for other loving relationships. Successfully navigating the Oedipus period requires not just a father figure as a source of fear, but a father who is supportive and willing to make sacrifices for their child’s growth. It is im-portant to resolve any negative countertransference experienced by the father in this role, as it greatly influences the smooth com-pletion of this period. To address the countertransference that inevitably arises during the Oedipus period, religious and philosophical ideas can serve a role similar to that of a supervisor in the analysis process. However, applying Eastern religious and philosophical ideas, such as Confucianism (Yu-gyo), may be challenging due to their emphasis on vertical relationships. Fortunately, the concept of “hyo” holds promise for the future, as it embodies a principle of mutualism that can be applied in a modern context, despite its seemingly vertical foundation.

Objectives: The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition provides an alternative model for dimensional assessment of personality disorders (AMPD). In Criterion A of the alternative model, the presence and severity of personality disorders are indicated by the Level of Personality Functioning. The Level of Personality Functioning Scale–Self Report (LPFS-SR) was further developed to readily assess the construct. This study aimed to examine rudimentary reliability and validity of the translated Korean version of the LPFS-SR. Methods: A total of 395 participants completed an online survey that included the LPFS-SR and the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-IV (MCMI-IV). The present study examined internal consistency and item-total score correlations within the four components (identity, self-direction, empathy, and intimacy) of personality functioning characterized in Criterion A of the AMPD. Criterion validity was also examined for previously validated measures of personality pathology. Results: Internal consistency within the four personality functioning components of the LPFS-SR ranged from 0.80 to 0.89. Items of reversed form and contents that required interpersonal self-awareness were weakly correlated with the LPFSSR total score, while items related to general distress and dissatisfaction were strongly correlated with the LPFS-SR total score.The LPFS-SR total score was strongly correlated with MCMI-IV scales of Schizotypal, Melancholic, and Borderline, whereas compulsive and histrionic scales were minimally correlated. Partial correlations remained consistent after controlling for the effect of psychological distress, suggesting the robustness of the criterion validity. Conclusion The LPFS-SR demonstrated high internal consistency and criterion validity with extant measures of personality pathology.

The Oedipus complex is a phenomenon observed in both Eastern and Western cultures. It involves a transition from a child’s early connection with their mother to a more complex relationship that includes the father. The interpretation of this period has evolved from Freud’s idea of the father acquiring a “super-ego” to a modern understanding of acquiring masculinity, autonomy from parental authority, and developing the capacity for other loving relationships. Successfully navigating the Oedipus period requires not just a father figure as a source of fear, but a father who is supportive and willing to make sacrifices for their child’s growth. It is im-portant to resolve any negative countertransference experienced by the father in this role, as it greatly influences the smooth com-pletion of this period. To address the countertransference that inevitably arises during the Oedipus period, religious and philosophical ideas can serve a role similar to that of a supervisor in the analysis process. However, applying Eastern religious and philosophical ideas, such as Confucianism (Yu-gyo), may be challenging due to their emphasis on vertical relationships. Fortunately, the concept of “hyo” holds promise for the future, as it embodies a principle of mutualism that can be applied in a modern context, despite its seemingly vertical foundation.

Objectives: The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition provides an alternative model for dimensional assessment of personality disorders (AMPD). In Criterion A of the alternative model, the presence and severity of personality disorders are indicated by the Level of Personality Functioning. The Level of Personality Functioning Scale–Self Report (LPFS-SR) was further developed to readily assess the construct. This study aimed to examine rudimentary reliability and validity of the translated Korean version of the LPFS-SR. Methods: A total of 395 participants completed an online survey that included the LPFS-SR and the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-IV (MCMI-IV). The present study examined internal consistency and item-total score correlations within the four components (identity, self-direction, empathy, and intimacy) of personality functioning characterized in Criterion A of the AMPD. Criterion validity was also examined for previously validated measures of personality pathology. Results: Internal consistency within the four personality functioning components of the LPFS-SR ranged from 0.80 to 0.89. Items of reversed form and contents that required interpersonal self-awareness were weakly correlated with the LPFSSR total score, while items related to general distress and dissatisfaction were strongly correlated with the LPFS-SR total score.The LPFS-SR total score was strongly correlated with MCMI-IV scales of Schizotypal, Melancholic, and Borderline, whereas compulsive and histrionic scales were minimally correlated. Partial correlations remained consistent after controlling for the effect of psychological distress, suggesting the robustness of the criterion validity. Conclusion The LPFS-SR demonstrated high internal consistency and criterion validity with extant measures of personality pathology.