To determine the optimal condition of pollen germination. The pollen of Prunella vulgaris was cultured in vitro. Pollen germination rates were recorded using 10% H3BO4, 30% Ca(NO3)2, 20% MgSO4 and 10% KNO3 as the basic mineral medium with PEG of different molecular weight, sucrose of various density and multiple pH value. The rates were also measured under different cultivation temperature and pollen acquisition time. The optimal condition of pollen germination is 10% H3 BO4, 30% Ca(NO3)2, 20% MgSO4, 10% KNO3, and 25% PEG-4000 as the medium, with pH about 6. 5 and pollen acquired at the beginning of blossom.
Flowers ; physiology ; Pollen ; physiology ; Prunella ; physiology

To systemically evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of oral preparation of Xiakucao with levothyroxine(LT4) on Hashimoto's thyroiditis(HT), so as to provide the evidence for its clinical application in the future. All the included studies were retrieved from four Chinese databases and three English databases from their inception to December 2019. ROB assessment tool of cochrane system and the evidence classification recommended by GRADE were used to evaluate the quality of evidences in all included studies. RevMan 5.3 was used for Meta-analysis of the outcomes. Software TSA 0.9(trail sequential analysis) was used to estimate the sample size for Meta-analysis. The results showed that 11 randomized controlled trials and totaling 1 215 patients were included. Preparation of Xiakucao combined with LT4 was adopted as intervention in experimental group, while patients in control group were treated with LT4 alone. Meta-analysis results showed that as compared with control group, the rate of total efficacy in experimental group was significant improved, including improvement of thyroid function and thyroid autoantibodies, shrinkage of thyroid gland and nodule, and improvement of clinical symptoms such as fatigue and cold intolerance(RR=1.15, 95%CI[1.09, 1.21]). The experimental group significantly decreased the serum level of thyroperoxidase antibody TPO-Ab(SMD=-0.91, 95%CI[-1.40,-0.41]), and reduced the size of left thyroid lobe(MD=-1.46, 95%CI[-1.82,-1.11]), right thyroid lobe(MD=-1.45, 95%CI[-1.96,-0.94]) and isthmus of thyroid gland(MD=-1.08, 95%CI[-1.20,-0.95]). After evaluation based on GRADEpro, the results showed that the evidence quality of all included studies was low or very low. The result of TSA showed that the cumulative sample size had reached the expected value. However, the pooled results may be affected by one study with high bias risk, with not so high effect intensity of evidences. From this review, we can see that in treatment of HT, intervention of preparation of Xiakucao combined with LT4 has advantages on improvement of clinical efficiency, decreasing serum level of TPO-Ab and shrinkage of thyroid gland. However, due to the quality of evidence, more rigorously designed and high-quality trials are needed in the future to verify the clinical efficacy and safety of preparation of Xiakucao in treating HT.
Hashimoto Disease ; Humans ; Iodide Peroxidase ; Prunella ; Thyroxine

OBJECTIVETo study the effect of water stress on physiological and the growth characters of Prunella vulgaris at the vegetative stage.

METHODThe plants were treated timely and quantitatively by weighting method, and the relevant index were measured under different water stress conditions.

RESULTWith the long time of water stress, the plants of SY2 and SY3 showed the quickest growth rate and the best of growth vigor. The protective enzyme and osmoregulation substance presented the trend of increase firstly and then decrease. Under the same time of water stress, with the increase of extent in treatment, the protective enzyme and osmoregulation substance presented the trend of increase firstly and then decrease, and SY2 and SY3 were the lowest.

CONCLUSIONThe protective enzyme and osmoregulation substance of P. vulgaris have a whole effect. The suitable water range of growth in P. vulgaris is 65%-80%.

Prunella ; growth & development ; physiology ; Stress, Physiological ; Water ; metabolism

OBJECTIVEThe contents of mineral elements in soil and each organ from cultivated and wild Prunella vulgaris were determined in order to provide a theoretical basis for exploitation and protection of wild resources and GAP study.

METHODThe contents of mineral elements (P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Al) in soil and each organ from cultivated and wild P. vulgaris were determined by ICP-AES, and the results were analyzed by correlation analysis.

RESULTThe contents of mineral elements in soil and different organs of P. vulgaris were significant different between cultivated and wild species; the contents of P and Cu ranked in the order of spica > leaf > stem, the order of Mg, Ca, Zn, Fe, Mn, Al from high to low was leaf > spica > stem, the concentrations of K, Na were mainly distributed in leaf and stem, less in spica. A distinctly positive correlation between soil and spica for Fe content, and the relationship between soil and leaf, stem were significant positive correlation, the concentrations of Zn in spica, leaf, stem were positively related to soil, K contents in soil and stem were significant positive correlation. The different organs of cultivated and wild P. vulgaris had a strong tendency to accumulate P.

CONCLUSIONThere was no direct relationship between the concentrations of mineral elements in P. vulgaris, and their corresponding soil P. vulgaris adjusts the concentration of mineral elements mainly by active absorption.

Minerals ; analysis ; Prunella ; chemistry ; growth & development ; Soil ; analysis

Pancreatic lipase (PL) inhibitors were firstly screened from Prunella vulgaris with PL immobilized on carboxylic acid-terminated magnetic nanoparticles, then these possible inhibitors were identified by LC-MS/MS and mixed standards. Finally, their inhibitory effects and types on PL were tested by p-nitrophenol method. The results showed that four PL inhibitors were screened out from P. vulgaris and confirmed by LC-MS/MS and mixed standards. The IC₅₈ and inhibition types were as follows: caffeic acid [(252.3±3.6) mg·L⁻¹, anti-competitive inhibition], rutin [(91.2±1.6)mg·L⁻¹, competitive inhibition], hesperidin [(31.5±4.4) mg·L⁻¹, competitive inhibition] and ursolic acid [(41.3±2.2) mg·L⁻¹, competitive inhibition]. Their inhibitive types and abilities on PL were related to their molecular size, hydrophobicity and the number of hydrogen bond with PL triplet.
Chromatography, Liquid ; Lipase ; Plant Extracts ; Prunella ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry

OBJECTIVETo explore the variety of the genetic polymorphism of eight Prunella germplasm resources by AFLP analysis.

METHODThe amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) tags were applied to screen out 32 selective amplification primer pairs, the amplified bands as original matrix were analyzed with NTSYS-PC software for the similarity between the Prunella germplasm and the construction of genetic phylogenetic tree.

RESULTSDS extraction of genomic Prunella DNA showed a good quality, could meet the requirements of AFLP analysis. From 32 selective amplification primer pairs, 10 pairs with strong polymorphism, better band and higher resolution were used for the construction of the AFLP Prunella fingerprint, all eight Prunella germplasms were separated, they were divided into 3 categories.

CONCLUSIONPrunella germplasm resources are rich in genetic diversity, certain morphological characteristics and differences are associate with genotype.

Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis ; DNA, Plant ; analysis ; Genetic Variation ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Prunella ; classification ; genetics

OBJECTIVETo study the extraction flavonoids distribution in different parts of Prunella vulgaris from different populations.

METHODThe optimal extraction condition was selected by response surface method (RSM). The amounts of flavonoids were determined by colorimetric method.

RESULTThe optimum extraction condition was using 35% ethanol at 25 times of sawple volume, refluxing at 87 degrees C for 3.5 h. The amount of flavonoids was 2.16% -10.29% in P. vulgaris. The content of flavonoids was the highest in leaf while that in root was the lowest. And the content of flavonoids in spike after removed seeds was 27.6% higher than the one reserved seeds.

CONCLUSIONThe RSM was feasible for optimum extraction condition and the amount of flavonoids showed a signiticant regional distribution pattern in various populations of P. vulgaris.

Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; metabolism ; Feasibility Studies ; Flavonoids ; isolation & purification ; metabolism ; Plant Structures ; metabolism ; Prunella ; metabolism

The research was conducted to study the breeding system of Prunella vulgaris L. Flowering dynamics was observed. Pollen viability, stigma receptivity, pollen-ovule ratio (P/O), out-crossing index (OCI) were measured. Bagging experiments were conducted. The results showed that the life span of one single flower was 1-2 days, the flowering span for the inflorescence of stalk was 7-14 days, the P/O was 1 046+/-148. 26, the OCI was 2. Combined with results of bagging experiment, the breeding system of P. vulgaris L. was mixed with cross-polination and self pollination. In the absence of pollination insects, the pollination and fertilization can be accomplished with high seed setting rate, and the seeds have a relatively high germination rate.
Breeding ; Pollen ; growth & development ; physiology ; Pollination ; Prunella ; growth & development ; physiology ; Tissue Survival

OBJECTIVETo establish HPLC fingerprint of Prunella vulgarise for quality control of the herbal medicine.

METHODA sunfire C18 analytical column was used. The mobile phase A was 1% acetic acid, and mobile phase B was methanol. The elution was in gradient mode and detection wavelength was set at 290 nm. The flow rate was 1.0 mL x min(-1) and the column temperature at 30 degrees C. The analysis time was 60 min.

RESULTThe similarity of 10 batches of P. vulgaris was not lower than 0.810. The fingerprints of the herbal medicine were classified P. vulgaris on the results of cluster analysis.

CONCLUSIONThis method is available for quality evaluation and control the quality of P. vulgaris.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Prunella ; chemistry

Volatile oil components and the contents and types of amino acid in spica of Prunella vulgaris were analysed by GC-MS and amino acid analyzer. Esters, fatty acids, aromatic hydrocarbon, ketone and several alcohol compounds were identified by mass spectrum comparison. In these ingredients, beta-ionone smelled aroma of cedar, raspberry, nerolidol showed weak sweet soft orange blossom flavor, neroli tasted sweet and fresh, nerolidol tasted sweet with light aroma of wood, hexadecanal showed a weak aroma of flowers and wax, alpha-sinensal had rich and fresh sweet orange flavor. To some extent, these types of aromatic substances can affect the taste of herbal tea or decoction made of Spica Prunellae. Among amino acids detected, natural amino acids accounted for a larger proportion, and those natural amino acids showed bitterness, slight bitterness, sourness (freshness), sweetness, slight sweetness, sourness (slight freshness). The results indicated that bitter and slightly bitter amino acids have the greatest impacts on the sense of Spica Prunellae.
Amino Acids ; analysis ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Oils, Volatile ; analysis ; Prunella ; chemistry ; Taste