Penicillin is a kind of β-lactam drug which has been applied in the clinical treatment firstly in the world, and it has still been widely used at present. The synthesis and regulation mechanism of Penicillium chrysogenum, which is used to produce penicillin, has been studied quite maturely, but its proteomics research started relatively late and fewer reports were published. This paper reviews the synthesis and application of penicillin, transformation of Penicillium chrysogenum, and the research progress of its proteomics. On this basis, the study highlights the advantages of proteomics in the research of protein expression.
Penicillins ; biosynthesis ; Penicillium chrysogenum ; metabolism ; Proteome ; Proteomics

Humans ; Liver Diseases ; blood ; Plasma ; metabolism ; Proteome

Biofilms ; Dental Caries ; microbiology ; Humans ; Proteome ; metabolism

Animals ; Humans ; Liver Diseases ; etiology ; metabolism ; therapy ; Proteome ; Rats

In the past decade, relative proteomic quantification using isobaric labeling technology has developed into a key tool for comparing the expression of proteins in biological samples. Although its multiplexing capacity and flexibility make this a valuable technology for addressing various biological questions, its quantitative accuracy and precision still pose significant challenges to the reliability of its quantification results. Here, we give a detailed overview of the different kinds of isobaric mass tags and the advantages and disadvantages of the isobaric labeling method. We also discuss which precautions should be taken at each step of the isobaric labeling workflow, to obtain reliable quantification results in large-scale quantitative proteomics experiments. In the last section, we discuss the broad applications of the isobaric labeling technology in biological and clinical studies, with an emphasis on thermal proteome profiling and proteogenomics.
Proteome/metabolism* ; Proteomics/methods* ; Reproducibility of Results ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry/methods*

The systematic and in-depth study of phosphoproteome rely on highly reproducible and specific phosphopeptide enrichment methods. At present, a variety of enrichment methods have been developed based on different principles, and these methods often display different selectivity and specificity. It is therefore very important to select the most suitable enrichment method according to different research purposes. This review summarized the phosphopeptide enrichment based on affinity chromatography, immunoprecipitation, chemical derivatization, chromatography and other newly developed methods. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods, as well as the related optimization and improvement strategies, were discussed in detail. In addition, we also briefly summarized the progress of the combination of phosphopeptide enrichment and fractionation methods developed in recent years.
Phosphopeptides/metabolism* ; Proteomics/methods* ; Titanium/chemistry* ; Chromatography, Affinity ; Proteome ; Phosphorylation

Preeclampsia is one of the most important and complexed disorders for women's health. Searching for novel proteins as biomarkers to reveal pathogenesis, proteomic approaches using 2DE has become a valuable tool to understanding of preeclampsia. To analyze the proteomic profiling of preclamptic placenta compared to that of normal pregnancy for better understanding of pathogenesis in preeclampsia, placentas from each group were handled by use of proteomics approach using 2DE combined with MALDI-TOF-MS. The 20 spots of showing differences were analysed and identified. Among differentially expressed protein spots Hsp 27 and Hsp 70 were selected for validation using Western blot analysis. In preeclamptic placenta 9 differentially expressed proteins were down-regulated with Hsp 70, serum albumin crystal structure chain A, lamin B2, cytokeratin 18, actin cytoplasmic, alpha fibrinogen precursor, septin 2, dihydrolipoamide branched chain transacylase E2 and firbrinogen beta chain. The 11 up-regulated proteins were fibrinogen gamma, cardiac muscle alpha actin proprotein, cytokeratin 8, calumenin, fibrinogen fragment D, F-actin capping protein alpha-1 subunit, Hsp 27, Hsp 40, annexin A4, enoyl-CoA delta isomerase and programmed cell death protein 6. The western blot analysis for validation also showed significant up-regulation of Hsp 27 and down-regulation of Hsp 70 in the placental tissues with preeclmaptic pregnancies. This proteomic profiling of placenta using 2DE in preeclampsia successfully identifies various proteins involved in apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, as well as three Hsps with altered expression, which might play a important role for the understanding of pathogenesis in preeclampsia.
Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Placenta/*metabolism ; Pre-Eclampsia/*metabolism ; Pregnancy/*metabolism ; Proteome/*metabolism ; Reproducibility of Results ; Sensitivity and Specificity

OBJECTIVETo study the proteomic change in lymphocytes of rabbits with scald injury and Staphylococcus aureus (SA) invasion.

METHODSTwenty-four rabbits were divided into four groups as follows: control group, scald group, scald with SA invasion 2 hs group, and scald with SA invasion 6 hs group, according to random number table, with 6 rabbits in each group. Except for rabbits in control group (sham scald at 37 degrees C), rabbits in the other 3 groups were subjected to 30% TBSA full-thickness scald. Rabbits in SA invasion 2 and 6 hs groups were injected with 2 mL (1.0 x 10(8) CFU/mL) SA suspension, which was in the log growth phase, via auricle vein 18 hs and 22 hs after injury. Whole blood samples were collected from carotid artery of rabbits in 4 groups 24 hs after scald. Lymphocytes were isolated and its extracted proteins were analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled with mass spectroscopy.

RESULTSAbout 1030 protein spots of lymphocytes were detected in each group. Compared with that of control group, 19 protein spots were found to be differentially expressed in the other 3 groups, and 11 spots (10 proteins) were identified. Expression levels of cofilin, cyclophilin A, ubiquitin, nucleoside diphosphate kinase, glutamate dehydrogenase and annexin 1 were down-regulated, but expression level of peroxiredoxin was up-regulated obviously.

CONCLUSIONSThere is obvious proteomic change in lymphocytes of scalded rabbits or of scalded rabbits invaded by SA, and it may relate to immune suppression and sepsis after injury.

Animals ; Burns ; metabolism ; microbiology ; Lymphocytes ; metabolism ; Male ; Proteome ; Rabbits ; Staphylococcal Infections ; etiology ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo analyze the difference in protein profiles between human dental pulp cells (DPC) and odontogenic differentiated DPC by using proteomic approach.

METHODSHuman DPC were induced to odontoblast differentiation and total proteins in the cell lysates before and after induction were prepared. Proteins spots were isolated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. DeCyder V6.0 software was applied to gel image analysis. Differential protein spots were identified by peptide mass fingerprinting technique.

RESULTSForty-six protein spots were determined to be differentially expressed with twenty identified protein spots. Expression changes of the identified proteins revealed the involvement of various regulation mechanisms in odontoblast differentiation, such as cell cycle, cellular energy regulation and signal transduction.

CONCLUSIONSThe proteomic approach is a high throughput method to screen the candidate proteins involved in odontoblast differentiation of DPC.

Cell Differentiation ; Cells, Cultured ; Dental Pulp ; cytology ; metabolism ; Humans ; Odontoblasts ; cytology ; metabolism ; Proteome ; metabolism ; Proteomics ; methods

OBJECTIVEBased on proteomics technology, Pi-yang deficiency syndrome (PYDS) correlated differential proteins were screened, thus providing powerful experiment reliance for exploring the essence of PYDS.

METHODSTotally 36 SD rats of SPF grade were randomly divided into the normal control group (n = 16) and the PYDS group (n = 20). The PYDS model rats were induced by improper diet, overstrain, and administration of yang impairing bitter cold herbs. The total proteins of the ileum were separated and extracted from rats in the PYDS group and the normal control group. The differential protein dots were identified using Delyder 2D 6.5 image analysis software by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) technology. The finger print map of corresponding peptide qualities was obtained by applying MALDI TOF/TOF. The differential proteins were identified using Mascot search library.

RESULTSJudged by statistics and fuzzy mathematics, Pi-yang deficiency rat model was successfully established. Eight proteins with differential expressions involving cell skeleton, energy metabolism, and signal transduction, and so on were obtained. Of them, there were 4 up-regulated proteins, i.e., desmin, cytokeratin8 (CK8), pyruvate kinase (PK), and ezrin. Four down-regulated proteins were glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), cytokeratin19 (CK19), cytokeratin1 (CK1), and actin.

CONCLUSIONThe pathogenesis of PYDS might be slowed energy metabolism rate, reduced energy production, changed structure of ileal villin, and weakened absorbing and digestive functions.

Animals ; Female ; Ileum ; metabolism ; Male ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Proteome ; metabolism ; Proteomics ; Rats ; Yang Deficiency ; diagnosis ; metabolism