Based on the investigation in the implant medical device tracking system used in Shanghai, This paper proposes a solution to optimize this system. This solution can greatly raise the reliability of non-sterile implant medical device tracking system, without increasing labour cost.
Materials Management, Hospital ; methods ; Product Packaging ; Prostheses and Implants

This paper gathered the problem in the Sterile Urethral Catheter(Catheterization bag)'s packaging and marking, analyzed the harmfulness and gave the improvement suggestion.
Disposable Equipment ; Product Packaging ; methods ; Urinary Catheterization ; instrumentation ; Urinary Catheters

This study provides basic data on how stress impacts the processed convenience foods purchase attitudes and the selection attributes of housewives. The stress consists of 3 factors, which were housework stress, family relation stress and economic stress. The processed convenience food purchase attitude consisted of 2 factors, which were peripheral influence purchase and conviction purchase. The processed convenience food selection attribute consisted of 4 factors, which were quality, convenience, packaging and price. Factor loading confirmation and reliability test were conducted, and the reliability was confirmed with Cronbach's alpha coefficients for all the factors exceeding 0.5. The high stress levels showed significantly high stress factors of housework, family relations and economic stress (P<0.001). The high stress group was shown to make purchases by recognizing peripheral influences (P<0.01). When the selection properties of processed convenience foods depending on different stress levels were examined, it was revealed that among the three groups, the low stress group least considered the price aspect (P<0.01). After deducting the factors, AMOS (Analysis of Moment Structure) was used to conduct the confirmatory factor analysis for verifying validity. The structural equation model was used to determine the path coefficient. From the processed convenience foods purchase attitude, the peripheral influence purchase had significantly positive (+) effects on convenience (P<0.05). Also, conviction purchase was shown to have significantly positive (+) effects on quality (P<0.05). Housework and family relation stress were shown to have negative (−) effects on processed convenience foods selection attribute, and economic stress was shown to have positive (+) effects, although no significant relationships were revealed.
Family Relations ; Fast Foods ; Gyeonggi-do ; Housekeeping ; Product Packaging ; Seoul

Turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV) is a non-enveloped icosahedral virus composed of 20 kDa single coat proteins. In this study, we modified the TYMV coat protein (CP) ORF by inserting an oligonucleotide linker corresponding to T7, HSV, Tat, (Arg)9, or (RxR)4 peptide at the 5'-end of the CP ORF and examined its effect on replication, RNA packaging, and virion assembly. The results showed that the constructs containing (Arg)9 and (RxR)4 sequences were barely capable of replication. The TYMV constructs containing T7 and Tat peptide produced virions that co-migrated with wild-type virions. However, the insertion of T7 and Tat sequences impaired genomic RNA (gRNA) accumulation and packaging, respectively. When only the CP gene was expressed, CPs with (Arg)9 or (RxR)4 successfully produced virus-like particles whose mobility was comparable to that of wild type. In the case of CP having a HSV tag, the virion band was not detected, although a sufficient amount of CP was produced. This indicates that CP with the HSV tag failed to assemble into virions. Overall, the results suggest that TYMV replication, RNA packaging and virion assembly are strongly influenced by the insertion sequence.
Animals ; Brassica napus* ; Capsid Proteins ; Ecthyma, Contagious ; Product Packaging* ; RNA* ; Tymovirus* ; Virion*

BACKGROUND: Transfusion-associated bacterial contamination (TABC) have become one of the major hazards of transfusion and the donors' normal skin flora is considered to be the most important source of contamination. We therefore evaluated the effectiveness of single-use blood donor arm antiseptic kits available on the Korean market. METHODS: Forty-eight antiseptic kits of two manufacturers consisting of 70% isopropyl alcohol swab stick and 10% povidone iodine swab stick were evaluated for their performance in reducing the bacterial load of the skin before and after disinfection. Staff response about ease of use was also evaluated. RESULTS: Whereas before disinfection the mean bacterial count was 5 CFU/plate or less, after disinfection bacterial growth was hardly observed. Overall both antiseptic kits showed a percent reduction of more than 98% compared to predisinfection. The amount of antiseptic solution of one manufacturers' kit was excessive and leakage of the antiseptic solution was also observed. CONCLUSION: The effectiveness of both antiseptic kits evaluated in this study was satisfactory to be used for blood donors, but an improvement to the packaging of one manufacturers' kit is required before it can be used in the field.
2-Propanol ; Arm* ; Bacterial Load ; Blood Donors* ; Disinfection ; Humans ; Povidone-Iodine ; Product Packaging ; Skin

OBJECTIVES: To associate work in the semiconductor industry, including silicon wafer fabrication, with cancer risks or mortality and other adverse health effects, the operation of wafer fabrication should initially be understood. A detailed study on the fabrication operation allows retrospective exposure to be assessed and wafer fabrication workers to be classified into similar exposure groups. Therefore, the objective of this study was to comprehensively review silicon wafer fabrication operations and related hazardous materials and agents. METHODS: The literatures related to semiconductor industry processes were reviewed from an occupational health viewpoint based on wafer manufacturing, wafer fabrication and packaging. The focus was especially related to the hazardous materials used in wafer fabrication industries. RESULTS: During the fabrication of silicon wafers, many toxic chemicals, a strong electric field and hazardous equipment are used. The process allows the integration of a three-dimensional array of electric circuits onto a silicon wafer substrate. Wafers are sliced from single crystal silicon and subject to a series of steps during the fabrication process, which alternatively adds and then selectively removes materials in layers from the surface of the wafer to create different parts of the completed integrated circuit. There are four major steps in this process; patterning, junction formation, thin film and metallization. CONCLUSIONS: In order to associate exposure to the hazard agents generated during wafer fabrication operations with adverse health effects the details of the operation should be completely studied, which will be helpful in both exposure assessments and epidemiological studies.
Hazardous Substances ; Occupational Health ; Product Packaging ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Semiconductors ; Silicon

Retroviral vector provide a highly efficient method for gene transfer into eukaryotic cells. This vector system can be divided into two components; the retroviral vector itself and the retroviral packaging cell line. The key improvement in the design of these two components are. focused on two aspects; the reduction of helper virus production and high titer-virus. We used PA317 for retrovirus packaging cell line, for its high producibility of viral titer, To test the ability of the vectors to generate high titer-virus, we have chosen four different retroviral vectors; LN, LNSX, LNCX and LXSN. To test easily the viral titer, we have made recombinant construction with CD4 and CD8, checked their viral titer and stained their surface expression. LXSN which contain SV40 early promoter in front of leo gene showed best results in viral transient transfection assay, dot blot assay and surface expression. In addition, recombinant containing CD8 generally showed much higher viral titration and surface expression than CD4.
Cell Line ; Eukaryotic Cells ; Helper Viruses ; Product Packaging ; Retroviridae ; Transfection ; Zidovudine*

A defective HIV-1 helper virus DNA, pHyPC, was assembled by deleting the RNA packaging signal, env, nef and the 3'LTR sequences. HIV-1 like virus particles that carry the HIV-1 receptor, CD4 were generated by coexpression of pHyPC and plasmid DNAs encoding different chimeric CD4 proteins. The CD4 particles, sharing the CD4 ectodomain, precisely fused to different membrane anchors. CD4(+) particles specifically bound to HIV-1 Env expressing cells, but any signs of infection into these cells were not detected. Binding was only partially blocked by either polyclonal anti-CD4 antibodies or by high concentrations of soluble CD4. Suprisingly, CD4(+) particles also adsorbed to HeLa, CHO, NIH3T3 and COS-7 cells in the absence of HIV-1 Env expression. Adsorption was comparable in strength and speed to the highly specific CD4-Env interaction. CD4(-) particles exhibited only background levels of binding. Cell binding was CD4- dependent, but it was independent of the cell type from which the CD4(+) particles originated. Interestingly, CD4-dependent/Env-independent binding was only found when CD4 was present on virus particles. This suggests that the micro-environment of CD4 on virus particles uniquely expose this new cell binding activity. Its high affinity could explain in part why infection of Env(+) cells by CD4(+) particles was not detected. Further experiments will be required to evlauate whether this strong membrane interaction could represent one step in the multiple-step viral entry process.
Adsorption ; Animals ; Antibodies ; COS Cells ; DNA ; Helper Viruses ; HIV-1* ; Membranes ; Plasmids ; Product Packaging ; RNA ; Virion

PURPOSE: We tried to determine the feasibility and efficiency of foreign gene transfer into corneal keratocytes using a hybrid EBV/retroviral vector as an investigative trial for gene therapy in corneal diseases. METHODS: LZRSpBMN-Z, alac Z-transducing hybrid EBV/retroviral vector, was transfected into Phoenix(T M) amphotropic packaging cells based on a 293T cell line and then collected without/with puromycin selection (puro (-)/puro (+) vector respectively). Cultured human and rabbit keratocytes were transduced with lac-Z gene using the puro (-) or puro (+) vector solutions, then stained with 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl galactopyranoside (X-gal). FACS-Gal analysis of transduced corneal keratocytes was also performed for calculating gene transfer efficiency. In addition, as an in vivo trial, we tried to transduce rabbit keratocytes by topical application of the vector supernatants following PRK or lamellar dissection of rabbit corneas. RESULTS: In vitro, both cultred human and rabbit keratocytes were transduced successfully with lac - Z gene. Transduction efficiency was 22% and 16% for human and rabbit keratocytes respectively with puro (-) vector, and slightly increased to 24% and 22% with puro (+) vector. In vivo corneas, however, no keratocytes were stained with X-gal. CONCLUSIONS: A hybrid EBV/retroviral vector, LZRSpBMN-Z, successfully transduced corneal keratocytes in in vitro conditions but not in vivo corneas.
Cell Line ; Cornea ; Corneal Diseases ; Corneal Keratocytes* ; Galactose ; Genetic Therapy ; Humans ; Product Packaging ; Puromycin

The purpose of this study was to investigate the perception and use of flavor enhancer products. This study was carried out through questionnaire and the subjects were 503 housewives in Inchon. The results are summarized as follows. As for age, 51.9% of the subjects were 40 years or older. Also, 60.0% of the subjects had received a high school education. As for occupation, full-time housewives accounted for 63.7%. Monthly household income of most subjects were 1 million won or more, and monthly food expenses of most subjects were 300 thousand won or more. Also 71.0% of subjects lived in apartments. As for taste of flavor enhancer products, 58.3% of subjects perceived that it was mediocre, 31.3% said good, 6.2% said bad, and 1.8% said very bad. Most subjects perceived that the convenience of flavor enhancer products was good and there was a significant difference among the groups divided by education level. As for economy of flavor enhancer products, there were significant differences among groups divided by household income and food expenses. Most subjects perceived that the safety of flavor enhancer products was not good. Most subjects considered the date of manufacture, manufacturers, food additives, packaging and price when they purchased flavor enhancer products. Also, 70.0% of subjects were going to reduce the amount of flavor enhancer products they use in the future. Most subjects needed flavor enhancer products good for health. Therefore, it may be necessary to develop and to produce safe, nutritious, tasty, cheap and various flavor enhancer products.
Education ; Family Characteristics ; Food Additives ; Humans ; Incheon* ; Nucleotides ; Occupations ; Product Packaging ; Sodium Glutamate ; Surveys and Questionnaires