Human breast milk is the most natural and ideal food for the baby. Breastfeeding provides benefits for maternal and child health, child immune function, growth and development, and society. The operation of human milk bank and the use of donor human milk undoubtedly provides a new way of nutrition support for the preterm infants without their own mother's milk and a new kind of treatment for other diseases. Present research on the composition of breast milk focuses on the variety and quantity of proteins, bioactive substances, probiotics and cell population.Future research may focus on the bioactive substances, the mechanism of regulation and effect of cell population, the application of probiotics and the clinical application of donor human milk.
Breast Feeding ; Female ; Humans ; Milk Banks ; Milk, Human ; chemistry ; cytology ; Probiotics ; pharmacology

OBJECTIVETo study the possible roles of probiotics in decreasing intestinal bacterial colonization rate and the incidence of enterogenic infections in premature infants.

METHODSSeventy premature infants were randomly assigned to two groups: probiotics and conventional treatment groups (control) (n=35 each). The probiotics treatment group was administered with oral Clostridium butyricum powder (250 mg, twice daily up to discharge) 24 hrs after birth except conventional treatment. Rectal swab cultures were done at admission, 5 and 12 days after admission, and before discharge. Clinical and laboratory findings were compared between the two groups.

RESULTSThe intestinal bacterial colonization rate in the probiotics treatment group was lower than that in the control group 12 days after admission (60% vs 83%; p<0.05) and before discharge (51% vs 80%; p<0.05). Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecium were common colonization bacteria in the two groups. Diarrhea occurred in 7 cases (20%) in the probiotics treatment group compared with 16 cases (46%) in the control group (p<0.05). Two infants (6%) developed sepsis in the probiotics treatment group compared with 9 cases (26%) in the control group (p<0.05).

CONCLUSIONSProbiotics can decrease intestinal bacterial colonization rate and the incidence of diarrhea and sepsis in premature infants.

Bacteria ; drug effects ; isolation & purification ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Intestines ; microbiology ; Probiotics ; pharmacology

Anti-Bacterial Agents ; pharmacology ; Bacterial Infections ; therapy ; Bacteriophages ; physiology ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; drug effects ; Humans ; Probiotics ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use

OBJECTIVETo study the efficacy and safety of probiotics for the prevention of feeding intolerance in low birth weight (LBW) premature infants.

METHODSSixty eligible LBW premature infants were randomly divided into probiotics and conventional treatment groups (n=30 each). Both groups received treatment of the primary disease. Additionally, the probiotics treatment group was administered with probiotics (0.25 g, twice daily). The incidence of feeding intolerance, the time to regain birth weight and to reach full enteral nutrition and the length of hospitalization were compared between the two groups. The occurrence of adverse reactions was recorded.

RESULTSThe incidence of feeding intolerance in the probiotics treatment group was lower than that in the conventional treatment group (4% vs 14%; P<0.01). The time to regain birth weight (6.8±1.2 days vs 7.7±1.6 days; P<0.05) and the time to reach full enteral nutrition (8.0±1.4 days vs 9.0±2.0 days; P<0.05) in the probiotics treatment group were shorter than those in the conventional treatment group. No adverse reactions were observed in the probiotics treatment group.

CONCLUSIONSProbiotics can reduce the incidence of feeding intolerance in LBW premature infants, can promote weight gain and shorten the time to reach full enteral nutrition. The application of probiotics appears to be safe in LBW premature infants.

Enteral Nutrition ; Humans ; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Infant, Low Birth Weight ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Probiotics ; pharmacology

Traditional Chinese medicine polysaccharides is a biologically active ingredient that is not easy to be digested. It is fermented by intestinal microflora to promote qualitative and selective changes in the composition of the intestinal microbiome, which often result in beneficial effects on the health of the host. People call it "prebiotics". In this review, we systematically summarized the anti-diabetic effect of traditional Chinese medicine polysaccharides. These polysaccharides regulate the metabolism of sugar and lipids by inter-influence with the intestinal microflora, and maintain human health, while improving type 2 diabetes-like symptoms such as high blood glucose, and abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism.
Blood Glucose/metabolism* ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism* ; Humans ; Lipids ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Polysaccharides/pharmacology* ; Probiotics/therapeutic use*

Animals ; Fatty Liver ; immunology ; pathology ; Male ; Natural Killer T-Cells ; drug effects ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ; Probiotics ; pharmacology ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar

OBJECTIVETo study the effect of mouth-fed probiotics on pathogenic bacteria colonization of the oropharynx and lower respiratory tract in neonates undergoing mechanical ventilation.

METHODSRandomized control method was employed to divide the neonates undergoing mechanical ventilation into probiotics (n=82) and control groups (n=83). The control group received routine treatment. The probiotics group was administered with oral probiotics in addition to routine treatment. The number of pathogenic bacteria colonized on the oropharynx and lower respiratory tract, and the number of the bacterial strain of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in the two groups were examined. The timing of the bacteria colonization and VAP occurrence were also examined.

RESULTSThe probiotics group presented a lower bacterial strain colonization rate of the oropharynx pathogenic bacteria than the control group (35% vs 51%; P<0.05). The colonization time of pathogenic bacteria of the oropharynx and lower respiratory tract, and the time of VAP occurrence lagged behind in the probiotics group compared with that the control group (P<0.05). No adverse reaction caused by probiotics was found.

CONCLUSIONSProbiotics administration is effective in decreasing pathogenic bacteria colonization on the oropharynx, in postponing the pathogenic bacteria colonization on the oropharynx and lower respiratory tract and in delaying the occurrence of VAP in neonates undergoing mechanical ventilation.

Bacteria ; isolation & purification ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Oropharynx ; microbiology ; Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated ; epidemiology ; etiology ; prevention & control ; Probiotics ; adverse effects ; pharmacology ; Respiration, Artificial ; Respiratory System ; microbiology

OBJECTIVETo identify the antimicrobial resistance of commercial lactic acid bacteria present in microbial foods and drug additives by analyzing their isolated strains used for fermentation and probiotics.

METHODSAntimicrobial susceptibility of 41 screened isolates was tested with disc diffusion and E-test methods after species-level identification. Resistant strains were selected and examined for the presence of resistance genes by PCR.

RESULTSDistribution of resistance was found in different species. All isolates were susceptible to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, cephalothin, and imipenem. In addition, isolates resistant to vancomycin, rifampicin, streptomycin, bacitracin, and erythromycin were detected, although the incidence of resistance to these antibiotics was relatively low. In contrast, most strains were resistant to ciprofloxacin, amikacin, trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole, and gentamycin. The genes msrC, vanX, and dfrA were detected in strains of Enterococcus faecium, Lactobacillus plantarum, Streptococcus thermophilus, and Lactococcus lactis.

CONCLUSIONAntibiotic resistance is present in different species of probiotic strains, which poses a threat to food safety. Evaluation of the safety of lactic acid bacteria for human consumption should be guided by established criteria, guidelines and regulations.

Anti-Bacterial Agents ; pharmacology ; Cultured Milk Products ; microbiology ; Dairy Products ; Drug Contamination ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial ; Food Microbiology ; Humans ; Lactobacillaceae ; drug effects ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Pharmaceutical Preparations ; Probiotics

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the effect of probiotics (bifidobacterium breve and lactobacillus acidophilus) on serum lipid, serum insulin and insulin resistance in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese rats.

METHODSFifty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to a control (n=10) and a high fat diet groups (n=40) and were fed with standard diet and HFD respectively. Four weeks later, thirty-six HFD-induced obese rats were randomly administered with normal saline (NS), bifidobacterium breve and lactobacillus acidophilus daily (n=12 each). Four weeks later, body lengths, body weights and abdomen circumference of rats were measured, blood lipid, glucose and insulin levels were measured, and Lee's index and insulin resistance index were calculated.

RESULTSBody weight, abdomen circumference, Lee's index, fasting glucose, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL) in the NS-treated HFD group were significantly higher than the control group (P<0.05). The bifidobacterium breve and lactobacillus acidophilus-treated groups had significantly lower levels of body weight, abdomen circumference, Lee's index, fasting glucose, TC, TG and LDL than the NS-treated HFD group (P<0.05), but the levels of the parameters in the bifidobacterium breve and lactobacillus acidophilus-treated groups were significantly higher than the control group (P<0.05). High density lipoprotein (HDL) and insulin sensitivity index in the NS-treated HFD group were significantly lower than the control group (P<0.05). Bifidobacterium breve and lactobacillus acidophilus treatment dramatically increased HDL levels and insulin sensitivity index compared with the NS-treated HFD group (P<0.05), although the levels of the two parameters did not reach to the levels of the control group. There were significant differences in the levels of fasting insulin, insulin resistance index and insulin secretion index between the bifidobacterium breve and lactobacillus acidophilus groups (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONSLactobacillus acidophilus and bifidobacterium breve can decrease serum levels of lipid and glucose and improve insulin resistance in obese rats. Bifidobacterium breve seems to be more effective on attenuating insulin resistance than lactobacillus acidophilus.

Animals ; Bifidobacterium ; Diet, High-Fat ; Dyslipidemias ; blood ; drug therapy ; Insulin Resistance ; Lactobacillus acidophilus ; Lipids ; blood ; Male ; Obesity ; blood ; Probiotics ; pharmacology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

The immunomodulatory and antitumor effects of lactic acid bacteria (LABs) were investigated. Cytoplasmic fraction of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei and Bifidobacterium longum were tested for the antiproliferative activity in vitro to SNUC2A, SNU1, NIH/3T3 and Jurkat cell lines by crystal violet assay. All cytoplasmic fraction suppressed proliferation of tumor cells, though L. casei and B. longum were more effective. From these results, cytoplasmic fraction of L. casei and B. longum with Y400 as a control were administered as dietary supplements to Balb/c mice for 2, and 4 consecutive wks. Administration for 4 wks enhanced the number of total T cells, NK cells and MHC class II+ cells, and CD4-CD8+ T cells in flow cytometry analysis. To determine of antitumor activity of LABs preparation in vivo, F9 teratocarcinoma cells were inoculated on mice at 14th day. Body weight was decreased with increased survival rate in all groups with the cytoplasm of LABs. Our results showed that cytoplasmic fraction of LABs had direct antiproliferative effects on tumor cell lines in vitro, effects on immune cells in vivo, and antitumor effects on tumor-bearing mice with prolonged survival periods.
3T3 Cells ; Animals ; *Bifidobacterium ; Body Weight ; Cell Division/physiology ; Cytotoxicity, Immunologic ; Flow Cytometry ; Humans ; Immunophenotyping ; Jurkat Cells ; Killer Cells, Natural/immunology ; *Lactobacillus casei ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology/*therapy ; Probiotics/*pharmacology ; Survival Analysis ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology