No abstract available.
Prions*

No abstract available.
Prions*

Animals ; PrPSc Proteins ; metabolism ; pathogenicity ; Prion Diseases ; transmission ; Prions ; physiology

Kuru is placed in its geographic and linguistic setting in the Eastern Highlands of Papua New Guinea. The epidemic of kuru has declined over the period 1957 to 2005 from more than 200 deaths a year to 1 or none. Since transmission of the kuru prion agent through the mortuary practice of transumption ceased by the early 1960s, the continuation of the epidemic into the present century demonstrates the long incubation periods that are possible in human prion diseases. Several histories of kuru are portrayed, from the different perspectives of the Fore people, of the scientists striving to elucidate the disease, of those engaged in research on prions, and of humans confronting the implications of kuru-like epidemics in the remote past. Kuru has connections to bovine spongiform encephalopathy through intraspecies recycling. The influence of host genetics on the incubation period in kuru may help to predict the shape of the still ongoing epidemic of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
Kuru ; Epidemic ; Prions ; brief historical notes, excludes case histories ; 1960s

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), a member of the transmissible spongiform encepahlopathies, has been a notifiable disease in Turkey since 1997. In 2002, the BSE status of Turkey was assessed by the EU Scientific Steering Committee as "it is likely but not confirmed".This study presents the results of a targeted surveillance study to assess the presence of BSE in the age risk population of Bursa, Turkey. In the assessment procedure, the immunohistochemical detection of protease-resistant prion protein (PrP-Sc) was aimed at and applied to 420 brain tissues of cattle slaughtered in Bursa at an age of 30-months and older. None of the samples were positive for BSE.
Age Factors ; Animals ; Cattle ; Encephalopathy, Bovine Spongiform/*diagnosis/epidemiology ; Immunohistochemistry/veterinary ; Prions/*analysis ; Turkey/epidemiology

Human prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative disorders that are characterized by spongiform changes, astrogliosis, and the accumulation of an abnormal prion protein (PrP(Sc)). Approximately 10%-15% of human prion diseases are familial variants that are caused by pathogenic mutations in the prion protein gene (PRNP). Point mutations or the insertions of one or more copies of a 24 bp repeat are associated with familial human prion diseases including familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome, and fatal familial insomnia. These mutations vary significantly in frequency between countries. Here, we compare the frequency of PRNP mutations between European countries and East Asians. Associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of several candidate genes including PRNP and CJD have been reported. The SNP of PRNP at codon 129 has been shown to be associated with sporadic, iatrogenic, and variant CJD. The SNPs of several genes other than PRNP have been showed contradictory results. Case-control studies and genome-wide association studies have also been performed to identify candidate genes correlated with variant and/or sporadic CJD. This review provides a general overview of the genetic mutations and polymorphisms that have been analyzed in association with human prion diseases to date.
Europe ; Far East ; Humans ; Mutation ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Prion Diseases/epidemiology/*genetics ; Prions/*genetics

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is an infectious disease which can threaten animal husbandry and human health seriously. The disease mainly violates the central neural system. This article selectively reviewed current researches on the analytical detection of BSE and transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE).
Animals ; Cattle ; Encephalopathy, Bovine Spongiform ; diagnosis ; transmission ; virology ; Humans ; Prions ; isolation & purification

Doppel protein (abbreviation Dpl) is a newly recognized Glycosyl phosphatidyl inositol (GPI) anchored and highly glycosylated protein, which is similar to prion protein (PrP) in the chemical structure. The encoding gene of Dpl named PRND locates at the downstream of the prion protein gene (PRNP). These two proteins are different in physiological functions. The expression of Dpl focuses on testis tissue at the adult, and takes an important role in maintaining sperm integrality, normal fertility, and motion ability. We reviewed the biological characters, physiological functions of Dpl and its effects on male reproduction in order to provide theory guidance for the study on physiological function and male reproduction controlling.
Animals ; GPI-Linked Proteins ; Humans ; Male ; Prions ; metabolism ; physiology ; Reproduction ; physiology ; Testis ; growth & development ; metabolism

Animals ; China ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Prevalence ; Prion Diseases ; epidemiology ; metabolism ; prevention & control ; Prions ; metabolism

In order to study the physicochemical characteristics of cytosolic PrP (CytoPrP) and evaluate its possible influence on cell viability, a recombinant plasmid expressing human CytoPrP eukaryoticly was constructed and transfected into human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y transiently. Proteinase-resistant activities of CytoPrP were evaluated by a proteinase K (PK) digestion and cytotoxic effects of CytoPrP were tested by MTT assay and Trypan Blue cell-counting. The presence of CytoPrP in cytoplasm after transfection was controlled by the presence of protease inhibitor. Compared with wild-type PrP, CytoPrP possessed relatively stronger PK-resistant activities. Obvious cytotoxic effects were observed in the cells after inducement of CytoPrP in cytoplasm by protease inhibitor, showing a dose-dependent manner. The results provide useful scientific evidences for further studies of potential role of CytoPrP in pathological mechanism of prion disease.
Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Survival ; Cytosol ; chemistry ; Endopeptidase K ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Prions ; genetics ; physiology ; Transfection