Human genetic prion diseases (gPrDs) are directly associated with mutations and insertions in the PRNP (Prion Protein) gene. We collected and analyzed the data of 218 Chinese gPrD patients identified between Jan 2006 and June 2020. Nineteen different subtypes were identified and gPrDs accounted for 10.9% of all diagnosed PrDs within the same period. Some subtypes of gPrDs showed a degree of geographic association. The age at onset of Chinese gPrDs peaked in the 50-59 year group. Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS) and fatal familial insomnia (FFI) cases usually displayed clinical symptoms earlier than genetic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (gCJD) patients with point mutations. A family history was more frequently recalled in P105L GSS and D178N FFI patients than T188K and E200K patients. None of the E196A gCJD patients reported a family history. The gCJD cases with point mutations always developed clinical manifestations typical of sporadic CJD (sCJD). EEG examination was not sensitive for gPrDs. sCJD-associated abnormalities on MRI were found in high proportions of GSS and gCJD patients. CSF 14-3-3 positivity was frequently detected in gCJD patients. Increased CSF tau was found in more than half of FFI and T188K gCJD cases, and an even higher proportion of E196A and E200K gCJD patients. 63.6% of P105L GSS cases showed a positive reaction in cerebrospinal fluid RT-QuIC. GSS and FFI cases had longer durations than most subtypes of gCJD. This is one of the largest studies of gPrDs in East Asians, and the illness profile of Chinese gPrDs is clearly distinct. Extremely high proportions of T188K and E196A occur among Chinese gPrDs; these mutations are rarely reported in Caucasians and Japanese.
14-3-3 Proteins/cerebrospinal fluid* ; China ; Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome/genetics* ; Humans ; Mutation/genetics* ; Prion Diseases/genetics* ; Prion Proteins/genetics* ; Prions/genetics* ; tau Proteins/cerebrospinal fluid*

Human prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative disorders that are characterized by spongiform changes, astrogliosis, and the accumulation of an abnormal prion protein (PrP(Sc)). Approximately 10%-15% of human prion diseases are familial variants that are caused by pathogenic mutations in the prion protein gene (PRNP). Point mutations or the insertions of one or more copies of a 24 bp repeat are associated with familial human prion diseases including familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome, and fatal familial insomnia. These mutations vary significantly in frequency between countries. Here, we compare the frequency of PRNP mutations between European countries and East Asians. Associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of several candidate genes including PRNP and CJD have been reported. The SNP of PRNP at codon 129 has been shown to be associated with sporadic, iatrogenic, and variant CJD. The SNPs of several genes other than PRNP have been showed contradictory results. Case-control studies and genome-wide association studies have also been performed to identify candidate genes correlated with variant and/or sporadic CJD. This review provides a general overview of the genetic mutations and polymorphisms that have been analyzed in association with human prion diseases to date.
Europe ; Far East ; Humans ; Mutation ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Prion Diseases/epidemiology/*genetics ; Prions/*genetics

OBJECTIVETo create transgenic mice expressing hamster- and human-PRNP as a model for understanding the physiological function and pathology of prion protein (PrP), as well as the mechanism of cross-species transmission of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs).

METHODSHamster and human-PRNP transgenic mice were established by conventional methods. The copy number of integrated PRNP in various mouse lines was mapped by real-time PCR. PRNP mRNA and protein levels were determined by semi-quantitative RT-PCR, real-time RT-PCR, and western blot analysis. Histological analyses of transgenic mice were performed by hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) staining and immunohistochemical (IHC) methods.

RESULTSIntegrated PRNP copy number in various mouse lines was 53 (Tg-haPrP1), 18 (Tg-huPrP1), 3 (Tg-huPrP2), and 16 (Tg-huPrP5), respectively. Exogenous PrPs were expressed at both the transcriptional and translational level. Histological assays did not detect any abnormalities in brain or other organs.

CONCLUSIONWe have established one hamster-PRNP transgenic mouse line and three human-PRNP transgenic mouse lines. These four transgenic mouse lines provide ideal models for additional research.

Animals ; Blotting, Western ; Cricetinae ; DNA ; genetics ; Disease Models, Animal ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Transgenic ; Organ Specificity ; Plasmids ; Prion Diseases ; genetics ; Prion Proteins ; Prions ; genetics ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Transcription, Genetic

BACKGROUNDAn amino acid polymorphism for Met to Val has been identified at PrP codon 129 from different human races. In this study,the characteristics of polymorphism of PRNP 129th amino acid in Han and Uighur Chinese have been investigated.

METHODSHuman DNAs were extracted from peripheral lymphocytes and PrP gene fragments were amplified with a specific PCR protocol. The distribution of 129th amino acid in PRNP was determined by a PCR-RFLP and the results were analyzed with software SAS for Windows 6.12.

RESULTSThe frequencies of the allele 129 Met and 129 Val were 97.0% and 3.0% in Han Chinese, whereas 91.4% and 8.6% in Uighur Chinese. The frequency of 129 M/M phenotypes in Han Chinese was significantly higher than that in Uighur Chinese (P=0.0490). Comparing the phenotype distributions of codon 129 of Han Chinese with that of Japanese and Caucasian, there was significant difference with Caucasian (P=0.0005),but there was no difference with Japanese (P=0.5040).

CONCLUSIONSThe polymorphism of 129th amino acid in PRNP of Han Chinese is similar to Japanese, but different from Uighur Chinese.

Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; genetics ; China ; Codon ; genetics ; European Continental Ancestry Group ; genetics ; Gene Frequency ; Genotype ; Humans ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Prion Diseases ; genetics ; Prions ; genetics

Prion diseases, including ovine scrapie, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), human kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), originate from a conformational change of the normal cellular prion protein (PrPC) into abnormal protease-resistant prion protein (PrPSc). There is concern regarding these prion diseases because of the possibility of their zoonotic infections across species. Mutations and polymorphisms of prion sequences may influence prion-disease susceptibility through the modified expression and conformation of proteins. Rapid determination of susceptibility based on prion-sequence polymorphism information without complex structural and molecular biological analyses may be possible. Information regarding the effects of mutations and polymorphisms on prion-disease susceptibility was collected based on previous studies to classify the susceptibilities of sequences, whereas the BLOSUM62 scoring matrix and the position-specific scoring matrix were utilised to determine the distance of target sequences. The k-nearest neighbour analysis was validated with cross-validation methods. The results indicated that the number of polymorphisms did not influence prion-disease susceptibility, and three and four k-objects showed the best accuracy in identifying the susceptible group. Although sequences with negative polymorphisms showed relatively high accuracy for determination, polymorphisms may still not be an appropriate factor for estimating variation in susceptibility. Discriminant analysis of prion sequences with scoring matrices was attempted as a possible means of determining susceptibility to prion diseases. Further research is required to improve the utility of this method.
Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Discriminant Analysis ; Disease Susceptibility ; Humans ; Mammals/genetics ; Mutation ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Prion Diseases/genetics ; Prions/chemistry/genetics/*pathogenicity ; Sequence Analysis, DNA

Promoter-trap strategy for enriching targeted colonies has been usually used to elevate the gene targeting efficiency in somatic cells. Knocking out Prnp in animals by gene targeting can render them resistant to Prion diseases. We constructed a bovine Prnp promoter-less targeting vector BoPrPneo, then transfected the linearized vector into the bovine fetal fibroblasts BFF through electroporation. After selecting in cell culture medium with 250 microg/mL G418, we obtained 99 drug-resistant cell colonies, 4 of them were positive for targeted events after PCR screening, and the targeted colonies were further confirmed by sequencing and Southern blotting. This suggests that one allele of Prnp has been successfully knocked out in bovine fetal fibroblasts. This research supplies a simple, safe and effective method to targeting bovine Prnp.
Animals ; Cattle ; Electroporation ; Fetus ; Fibroblasts ; metabolism ; Gene Knockout Techniques ; methods ; Prion Diseases ; genetics ; prevention & control ; Prions ; genetics ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; genetics ; Transfection

alphaB-crystallin is a member of the sHSP (Small heat shock protein) family, which plays an impor tant role in multiple neurodegeneration diseases. To give insight into the possible alternation and the role of aB-crystallin in prion disease, the alphaB-crystallin levels in the brain tissues of agent 263K-infected hamsters were evaluated. Western blots and IHC revealed that at the terminal stages of the diseases, the levels of alphaB-crystallin were increased up to 3-fold in the brain tissues of scrapie infected 263K hamsters compared with normal controls. Immunofluorescent assays revealed that the up-regulated alphaB-crystallin was mainly observed in astrocytes, but not in neurons. The co-localization between alphaB-crystallin and abnormal deposition of PrPsc in the brain tissues of the scrapie infected hamsters was not observed. The study may provide a foundation for further revealing the potential role of alphaB-crystallin in prion disease.
Animals ; Brain ; metabolism ; pathology ; Cricetinae ; Humans ; PrPSc Proteins ; metabolism ; Prion Diseases ; genetics ; metabolism ; pathology ; Up-Regulation ; alpha-Crystallin B Chain ; genetics ; metabolism

14-3-3 Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Animals ; Brain ; pathology ; Cricetinae ; Internal Ribosome Entry Sites ; Open Reading Frames ; Prion Diseases ; genetics ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo investigate whether gliosis in the brain tissues of the hamsters infected with various amounts of scrapie strain 263K is correlated with the inoculation doses or the incubation times.

METHODSThe total values of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in brains were evaluated by Western Blots and the GFAP-stained cells were detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The characteristics of GFAP distributions among various groups were defined by quantitive and statistic analyses.

RESULTSCompared with the brain tissues of normal hamsters, remarkably higher total GFAP levels and more GFAP-stained cells were observed in the brain tissues of infected ones, howbeit, no significant difference was addressed among the infected groups.

CONCLUSIONInoculations of various amounts of scrapie strain 263K into experimental hamsters intracerebrally induced the similar patterns of gliosis in the brains at the clinically terminal stage, regardless of infectious doses and incubation times.

Animals ; Brain ; metabolism ; pathology ; Cricetinae ; Gene Expression ; Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein ; genetics ; metabolism ; Gliosis ; metabolism ; pathology ; Humans ; PrPSc Proteins ; metabolism ; Prion Diseases ; metabolism ; pathology

The genetics of the prion protein gene (PRNP) play a crucial role in determining the relative susceptibility to transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) in several mammalian species. To determine the PRNP gene variability in European red deer (Cervus elaphus), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra), the PRNP open reading frame from 715 samples was analysed to reveal a total of ten single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). In red deer, SNPs were found in codons 15, 21, 59, 78, 79, 98, 136, 168 and 226. These polymorphisms give rise to 12 haplotypes, and one of which is identical to the PRNP of American wapiti (Rocky Mountain elk, Cervus elaphus nelsoni). One silent mutation at codon 119 was detected in chamois and no SNPs were found in roe deer. This analysis confirmed that European wild ruminants have a PRNP genetic background that is compatible with TSE susceptibility, including chronic wasting disease.
Animals ; Base Sequence ; DNA/chemistry/genetics ; Deer/*genetics ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Genetic Variation ; Haplotypes ; Italy ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Prion Diseases/*genetics ; Prions/*genetics ; Scotland ; Sequence Analysis, DNA