Background: The lip trill is a semi-occluded vocal tract exercise found to have positive outcomes on vocal parameters of healthy individuals after a single session. However, the effect of several lip trill sessions has not been studied. Objective: This study investigated the effect of a 3- to 4-week lip trill exercise program on Maximum Phonation Time (MPT), Maximum Phonation Frequency Range (MPFR), Harmonics-to-Noise Ratio (HNR), and mean Speaking Fundamental Frequency (mean SFF). Methods: Three vocally untrained healthy females with perceptually normal voices participated in a multiple-baseline, single-case experimental research. Five to seven direct training sessions were randomly assigned. Self-implementation was encouraged thereafter. Participants were assessed on all outcome measures for 15 sessions. Data were visualized and inspected. Cohen’s d was also derived using Standardized Mean Difference for single-subject research. Results: Visual and statistical analyses revealed a decreased MPT when training was introduced, increased MPFR variability during the training phase, and increased stability in mean SFF post-training. Perceived effects include vocal freedom, decreased laryngeal stress, and vocal conditioning. Vocal outcomes in one participant yielded a significant effect on MPFR and mean SFF and a small effect on HNR. Conclusion There is evidence of lip trill effect on pitch control and vocal conditioning. Findings also revealed that motivation, exercise frequency, and adherence could contribute to positive gains in vocally healthy speakers. Further investigation in consideration of the study findings and limitations is warranted.
prevention

No abstract available.
Primary Prevention*

Atrial Fibrillation ; prevention & control ; Humans ; Primary Prevention

Humans ; Silicosis ; prevention & control

No abstract available.
Coronary Disease* ; Secondary Prevention*

No abstract available.
Cardiovascular Diseases* ; Primary Prevention*

Normothyroidic single-nodular goiter is a common disease. Now it can be detected and intervented early so that its prognosis is improving significantly. The effectiveness of preventive therapy for nodular goiter by TST releasing inhibition with levothyroxin was examined in 110 patients. The results showed that levothyroxin therapy to inhibit the release of TST is needed for solid lesions. In younger patients with less than 1cm goiter, the result of treatment is more likely to be maximized, the lesions regress completely and the thyroid functions are normalized. For more than 45-year patients with more than 2-cm goiter, the result of treatment is poor. Use levothyroxin with cautions in over 60-year patients who have cardiovascular diseases and multiple nodular goiter.
Goiter, Nodular ; Prevention & control

From 1991 to 2000 the plague in Viet Nam has remarkably controlled. The morbidity and mortality rate decreased from 439.6 patients/year during 1991-1995 to 161.2 patients/year during 1996-2000, the areas affected by plague had been narrowed, only in Gia Lai and Dac Lac provinces. The plague occours throughout the year but concerntrating in period from February to May every year. In the North, R.norvegicus is the main host and R.exulans is the common host at the other areas. The main vector of plague in Viet Nam is X.cheopis. Biological surveillance showed that: Y.pestis has been negative at the provinces and cities in the North for the past years. The possitive rate was different in the rest areas over the times
Plague ; Epidemiology ; Prevention & control

National Institute of Malariology - Parasitology - Entomology reported national malaria status in the first 6 months of 2004. Investigative indexes included: mortality, morbidity, the shortcomings of technology, natural environmental and social changes, resource management. Providing some focuses on malaria prevention in the second 6 months of 2004 for malaria epidemiological surveillance, vecto prevention, malaria treatment and diagnosis, communicative education and malaria preventive socialization
Malaria ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ;

In 2003, due to practice effectively malaria prevention programs and intensify supervise malaria epidemiology that malaria prevention in Tuyen Quang provice had good results, gained 3 aims: malaria morbidity reduced 28%, malaria mortality 0%. Malaria epidemiology was stable in Tuyen Quang. However, in 15 malaria parasites in Tuyen Quang in 2003, there was 14 was exotic malaria parasites from the South and other provinces. Therefore, in the later years, beside the investigation, management of Ministy of Health, the government project for malaria prevention, National Institute of Malariology - Parasitology - Entomology, Tuyen Quang needed to implement well malaria epidemiological surveillance in basic levels and malaria preventive plan to maintain gained malaria preventive results
malaria ; epidemiology ; prevention & control