No abstract available.
Alzheimer Disease* ; Dementia ; Presenilins*

PURPOSE: Presenilins are functionally important components of γ-secretase, which cleaves a number of transmembrane proteins. Manipulations of PSEN1 and PSEN2 have been separately studied in Alzheimer disease (AD) and cancer because both involve substrates of γ-secretase. However, numerous clinical studies have reported an inverse correlation between AD and cancer. Interestingly, AD is a neurodegenerative disorder, whereas cancer is characterized by the proliferation of malignant cells. However, this inverse correlation in the PSEN double-knockout (PSEN dKO) mouse model of AD has been not elucidated, although doing so would shed light onto the relationship between AD and cancer. METHODS: To investigate the inverse relationship of AD and cancer under conditions of PSEN loss, we used the hippocampus of 7-month-old and 18-month-old PSEN dKO mice for a microRNA (miRNA) microarray analysis, and explored the tumorsuppressive or oncogenic role of differentially-expressed miRNAs. RESULTS: The total number of miRNAs that showed changes in expression level was greater at 18 months of age than at 7 months. Most of the putative target genes of the differentially-expressed miRNAs involved Cancer pathways. CONCLUSIONS: Based on literature reviews, many of the miRNAs involved in Cancer pathways were found to be known tumorsuppressive miRNAs, and their target genes were known or putative oncogenes. In conclusion, the expression levels of known tumor-suppressive miRNAs increased at 7 and 18 months, in the PSEN dKO mouse model of AD, supporting the negative correlation between AD and cancer.
Alzheimer Disease* ; Animals ; Hippocampus ; Humans ; Infant ; Mice* ; Microarray Analysis ; MicroRNAs ; Neurodegenerative Diseases ; Oncogenes ; Presenilins

Transgenic mice models of Alzheimer's disease were produced by overexpressing APP(amyloid precursor protein) mutant and presenilin mutant genes using the promotors that induced neuronal expression. The neuropathologies, electrophysiological changes and behavioral changes that were demonstrated in these transgenic mice model were amyloid changes, gliotic changes. A-beta increases, deficit in LTP(ling-term potentiation) and behavioral changes. Some or all of the above changes were found in each transgenic mice model. These models generally showed amyloid neuropathology but they usually lacked the neurofibrillary tangles. So, they can be regarded as partial models of Alzheimer's disease. The development of them is undoubtedly the great progress toward future research.
Alzheimer Disease ; Amyloid ; Animals* ; Dementia* ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Models, Animal* ; Neurofibrillary Tangles ; Neurons ; Presenilins

DREAM (downstream regulatory element antagonistic modulator) is a calcium-binding protein that regulates dynorphin expression, promotes potassium channel surface expression, and enhances presenilin processing in an expression level-dependent manner. However, no molecular mechanism has yet explained how protein levels of DREAM are regulated. Here we identified group I mGluR (mGluR1/5) as a positive regulator of DREAM protein expression. Overexpression of mGluR1/5 increased the cellular level of DREAM. Up-regulation of DREAM resulted in increased DREAM protein in both the nucleus and cytoplasm, where the protein acts as a transcriptional repressor and a modulator of its interacting proteins, respectively. DHPG (3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine), a group I mGluR agonist, also up-regulated DREAM expression in cortical neurons. These results suggest that group I mGluR is the first identified receptor that may regulate DREAM activity in neurons.
Calcium ; Cytoplasm ; Dynorphins ; Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol ; Neurons ; Potassium Channels ; Presenilins ; Proteins ; Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate ; Up-Regulation

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is known to induce alterations of mitochondrial function such as elevation of oxidative stress and activation of apopotosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of human Presenilin 2 mutant (hPS2m) overexpression on the γ-secretase complex in the mitochondrial fraction. To achieve this, alterations of γ-secretase complex expression and activity were detected in the mitochondrial fraction derived from brains of NSE/hPS2m Tg mice and Non-Tg mice. Herein, the following were observed: i) overexpression of the hPS2m gene significantly up-regulated the deposition of Aβ-42 peptides in the hippocampus and cortex of brain, ii) overexpression of hPS2m protein induced alterations of γ-secretase components such as main component protein and activator protein but not stabilization-related proteins, iii) changes in γ-secretase components induced by overexpression of hPS2m protein up-regulated γ-secretase activity in the mitochondrial fraction, and iv) elevation of γ-secretase activity induced production of Aβ-42 peptides in the mitochondrial fraction. Based on these observations, these results indicate that alteration of γ-secretase activity in cells upon overexpression of hPS2m is tightly linked to mitochondrial dysfunction under the specific physiological and pathological conditions of AD.
Alzheimer Disease ; Animals ; Brain* ; Hippocampus ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic* ; Mitochondria* ; Oxidative Stress ; Peptides ; Presenilin-2 ; Presenilins* ; Up-Regulation*

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized pathologically by cholinergic deficits, extracelluar amyloid deposit, intra-neuronal neurofibrillary tangles, gliosis and neuronal and synaptic loss. The primary therapeutic approach has been cholinergic augumentation by chlolinesterase inhibitors, which at best modestly improve cognitive function. Several recent advances have provided new insights and possibilities in defining therapeutic targets for AD. Research on the underlying pathophysiological dysfunction finally disclose more disease specific processes. Of particular importance is the identification and characterization of the secretases involved in endoproteolytic processing of beta-amyloid precursor protein, the precursor of the amyloid beta-peptide (A beta). It is generally accepted that A beta has pivotal role in the pathogenesis of AD, and that reducing brain A beta levels may be a disease modifying strategy. By inhibiting one or both amyloidogenic secretase and immunization with A beta, neuropathological features of AD can be prevented or alleviated.
Alzheimer Disease* ; Amyloid beta-Peptides ; Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases ; Brain ; Gliosis ; Immunization ; Neurofibrillary Tangles ; Neurons ; Plaque, Amyloid ; Presenilins

Alzheimer's disease (AD), the cause of one of the most common types of dementia, is pathologically characterized by cholinergic deficits, extracellular amyloid deposit, intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles, gliosis, and neuronal and synaptic loss. The primary clinical manifestation of AD is a profound global dementia that is marked by severe amnesia with additional deficits in language, executive functions, attention, and visuospatial and constructional abilities. Molecular genetic studies have identified at least three genes that, when mutated, cause the autosomal dominant, early-onset familial form of the disease The late-onset, most common forms of the disease are likely to be associated with various genetic susceptibility factors. Research on the underlying pathophysiological dysfunction finally disclosed more disease-specific processes. Of particular importance is the identification and characterization of the secretases involved in endoproteolytic processing of β-amyloid precursor protein, the precursor of the amyloid β-peptide(Aβ). It is generally accepted that Aβ plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of AD, and that reducing brain Aβ levels may be a disease-modifying strategy. By inhibiting one or both amyloidogenic secretases and immunization with Aβ, neuropathological features of AD can be prevented or alleviated.
Alzheimer Disease* ; Amnesia ; Amyloid ; Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases ; Brain ; Dementia ; Executive Function ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Gliosis ; Immunization ; Molecular Biology* ; Neurofibrillary Tangles ; Neurons ; Plaque, Amyloid ; Presenilins

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether nicotinic acid (NA) and nicotinamide (NAM) reduce the Alzheimer disease (AD)-related gene expression in brain tissues of amyloid beta (Aβ)-injected mice. Male Crj:CD1 (ICR) mice were divided into 6 treatment groups; 1) control, 2) Aβ control, 3) Aβ + NA 20 mg/kg/day (NA20), 4) Aβ + NA40, 5) Aβ + NAM 200 mg/kg/day (NAM200), and 6) Aβ + NAM400. After 1-week acclimation period, the mice orally received NA or NAM once a day for a total of 7 successive days. On day 7, biotinylated Aβ42 was injected into mouse tail vein. At 5 hours after the injection, blood and tissues were collected. Aβ42 injection was confirmed by Western blot analysis of Aβ42 protein in brain tissue. NAM400 pre-treatment significantly reduced the gene expression of amyloid precursor protein and presenilin 1 in brain tissues. And, NAM200 and NAM400 pre-treatments significantly increased sirtuin 1 expression in brain tissues, which is accompanied by the decreased brain expression of nuclear factor kappa B by 2 doses of NAM. Increased expression of AD-related genes was attenuated by the NAM treatment, which suggests that NAM supplementation may be a potential preventive strategy against AD-related deleterious changes.
Acclimatization ; Aging ; Alzheimer Disease ; Amyloid* ; Animals ; Blotting, Western ; Brain* ; Gene Expression ; Humans ; Male ; Mice* ; NF-kappa B ; Niacin ; Niacinamide* ; Presenilin-1* ; Presenilins* ; Sirtuin 1 ; Tail ; Veins*

Alzhelmer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia that arises on a neuropathological background of amyloid plaques containing betaamylold (Abeta) derived from amyloid precursor protein (APP) and tau-rich neurofibrillary tangles. To date, the cause and progression of familial or sporadic AD have not been fully elucidated. About 10% of all cases of AD occur as autosomal dominant inherited forms of early-onset AD, which are caused by mutations in the genes encoding APP, presenilin-1 and presenilin-2. Proteolytic processing of APP by beta-gamma-secretase and caspase generates Abetaand carboxyl-terminal fragments of APP (APP-CTFs), which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of AD. The presenilins function as one of the gamma-secretases. Abetawhich is the main component of the amyloid plaques found, is known to exert neurotoxicity by accumulating free radicals, disturbing calcium homeostasis, evoking inflammatory response and activating signaling pathways. The CTFs have been found in AD patients' brain and reported to exhibit much greater neurotoxicity than Abeta. Furthermore CTFs are known to impair calcium homeostasis and learning and memory, triggering a strong inflammatory reaction through MAPKs- and NF-kappaB-dependent astrocytosis and iNOS induction. Recently, it was reported that CTF translocated into the nucleus and in turn, affected transcription of genes including glycogen synthase kinase-3beta which results in the induction of tau-rich neurofibrillary tangles and subsequently cell death. One of the hallmarks of AD, neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), is formed by insoluble intracellular polymers of hyperphosphorylated tau that is believed to cause apoptosis by disrupting cytoskeletal and axonal transport. This review covers the processing of APP, toxic mechanisms of Abetaand CTFs of APP, presenilin and also tau in relation to the pathogenesis of AD.
Amyloid ; Apoptosis ; Axonal Transport ; Brain ; Calcium ; Cell Death ; Dementia* ; Free Radicals ; Gliosis ; Glycogen Synthase ; Homeostasis ; Learning ; Memory ; Neurofibrillary Tangles ; Plaque, Amyloid ; Polymers ; Presenilin-1 ; Presenilin-2 ; Presenilins

Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis is characterized by senile plaques in the brain and evidence of oxidative damage. Oxidative stress may precede plaque formation in AD; however, the link between oxidative damage and plaque formation remains unknown. Presenilins are transmembrane proteins in which mutations lead to accelerated plaque formation and early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease. Presenilins physically interact with two antioxidant enzymes thiol-specific antioxidant (TSA) and proliferation-associated gene (PAG) of the peroxiredoxin family. The functional consequences of these interactions are unclear. In the current study we expressed a presenilin transgene in Drosophila wing and sensory organ precursors of the fly. This caused phenotypes typical of Notch signaling loss-of-function mutations. We found that while expression of TSA or PAG alone produced no phenotype, co-expression of TSA and PAG with presenilin led to an enhanced Notch loss-of-function phenotype. This phenotype was more severe and more penetrant than that caused by the expression of Psn alone. In order to determine whether these phenotypes were indeed affecting Notch signaling, this experiment was performed in a genetic background carrying an activated Notch (Abruptex) allele. The phenotypes were almost completely rescued by this activated Notch allele. These results link peroxiredoxins with the in vivo function of Presenilin, which ultimately connects two key pathogenetic mechanisms in AD, namely, antioxidant activity and plaque formation, and raises the possibility of a role for peroxiredoxin family members in Alzheimer's pathogenesis.
Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Drosophila ; metabolism ; physiology ; Drosophila Proteins ; metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Peroxiredoxins ; chemistry ; genetics ; metabolism ; Presenilins ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Receptors, Notch ; metabolism ; Sequence Alignment ; Signal Transduction