Female ; Humans ; Male ; Precision Medicine ; methods ; standards ; trends ; Specialization

No abstract available.
Adrenergic beta-3 Receptor Agonists/therapeutic use ; Humans ; Muscarinic Antagonists/therapeutic use ; Precision Medicine/methods/*trends ; Urinary Bladder, Overactive/*therapy

Communicable Diseases ; genetics ; Genetic Diseases, Inborn ; genetics ; Genetic Testing ; Genotype ; Genotyping Techniques ; Humans ; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques ; Precision Medicine ; methods ; trends

Cancer is a highly aggressive and devastating disease, and impediments to a cure arise not just from cancer itself. Targeted therapies are difficult to achieve since the majority of cancers are more intricate than ever imagined. Mainstream methodologies including chemotherapy and radiotherapy as routine clinical regimens frequently fail, eventually leading to pathologies that are refractory and incurable. One major cause is the gradual to rapid repopulation of surviving cancer cells during intervals of multiple-dose administration. Novel stress-responsive molecular pathways are increasingly unmasked and show promise as emerging targets for advanced strategies that aim at both de novo and acquired resistance. We highlight recent data reporting that treatments particularly those genotoxic can induce highly conserved damage responses in non-cancerous constituents of the tumor microenvironment (TMEN). Master regulators, including but not limited to NF-kB and C/EBP-β, are implicated and their signal cascades culminate in a robust, chronic and genome-wide secretory program, forming an activated TMEN that releases a myriad of soluble factors. The damage-elicited but essentially off target and cell non-autonomous secretory phenotype of host stroma causes adverse consequences, among which is acquired resistance of cancer cells. Harnessing signals arising from the TMEN, a pathophysiological niche frequently damaged by medical interventions, has the potential to promote overall efficacy and improve clinical outcomes provided that appropriate actions are ingeniously integrated into contemporary therapies. Thereby, anticancer regimens should be well tuned to establish an innovative clinical avenue, and such advancement will allow future oncological treatments to be more specific, accurate, thorough and personalized.
Antineoplastic Agents ; therapeutic use ; CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-beta ; metabolism ; Humans ; Models, Biological ; Molecular Targeted Therapy ; methods ; trends ; NF-kappa B ; metabolism ; Neoplasms ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; Precision Medicine ; methods ; trends ; Signal Transduction ; drug effects ; Tumor Microenvironment ; drug effects

The 8th edition of AJCC cancer staging system will be launched all over the world in January 1, 2018. The major advances in the 8th edition are the introduction of non-anatomic prognostic and predictive factors supported by I(-II( grade evidence based on histopathology and molecular biology, and the improvement of prognostic assessment system based on these factors, including CEA level, cancer retraction score, circumference margin, lymphatic invasion, peripheral nerve invasion, microsatellite instability, KRAS/NRAS gene mutation and BRAF gene mutation. In the background of evidence-based medicine and precise medicine, combination of anatomic staging and non-anatomic classification system is very important for establishing and improving the prognostic and predictive assessment system of colorectal cancer. This will help to assess colorectal cancer staging and grouping much better, evaluate the prognosis, predict individualized efficacy, and promote clinical practice of colorectal cancer from traditional population-based diagnosis and treatment to the precise individualized care.
Carcinoembryonic Antigen ; blood ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; classification ; diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Microsatellite Instability ; Mutation ; Neoplasm Invasiveness ; Neoplasm Staging ; standards ; Precision Medicine ; methods ; trends ; Prognosis ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf ; genetics ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras) ; genetics