Animals ; Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Mouth Mucosa ; pathology ; Mouth Neoplasms ; drug therapy ; pathology ; prevention & control ; Precancerous Conditions ; drug therapy ; pathology ; prevention & control

Adult ; Aged ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; etiology ; pathology ; prevention & control ; therapy ; Female ; Hepatitis B ; pathology ; therapy ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Phyllanthus ; Phytotherapy ; Precancerous Conditions ; etiology ; pathology ; prevention & control ; therapy

OBJECTIVETo investigate the preventive effect of genistein on the malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia in hamster cheek pouch.

METHODSSixty male Syrian golden hamsters were randomly divided into 4 groups, with two of 20 and two of 10. DMBA solution (0.5% in acetone) was applied topically to the left cheek pouch of male Syrian golden hamsters in group A and B, while animals in group C were painted with acetone, 3 times a week for 6 weeks. For the next 12 weeks, animals in group B received genistein (10 mg.kg(-1).d(-1)) daily by gavage; animals in group A and C received same volume of saline; animals in group D serving as blank control. At the end of the experiment, animals were sacrificed and tissue samples were collected for histopathological examination.

RESULTSNo significant differences in the tumor latency and tumor incidence were observed between the control and genistein treated group.

CONCLUSIONSNo inhibitory effect of genistein on the transformation of oral leukoplakia was observed in hamster.

Animals ; Cricetinae ; Genistein ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Leukoplakia, Oral ; pathology ; prevention & control ; Male ; Mesocricetus ; Mouth Mucosa ; drug effects ; pathology ; Precancerous Conditions ; pathology ; prevention & control

Colorectal cancer is becoming increasingly common in Asian countries and still remains the second leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States. Efforts to prevent colon cancer have targeted early detection through screening and chemoprevention. For the last ten years our laboratory has utilized an in vivo screening assay for the testing of potential cancer preventives for colon cancer. We have conducted investigations on over 150 compounds including many with botanical or herbal origins. As part of our program on natural products we have examined a number of herbal and botanical products in the aberrant crypt foci (ACF) assay including Korean red ginseng powder, green tea catechins, curcumin from the Indian culinary spice, tumeric, compounds from garlic and onion, resveratrol from red grapes, among others. In the ginseng experiments groups of 10 F344 rats were fed ginseng powder at a dose of 0.5 g/kg or 2 mg/kg for 5 weeks. During weeks 2 and 3 rats were injected with 10 mg/kg azoxymethane to induce ACF. Controls (n=10) did not receive azoxymethane (AOM). Rats were killed by CO2 overdose and ACF counted in the rat colon. In 8 week post-initiation experiments ginseng powder inhibited the progression of established ACF, indicating a cytostatic effect. This may be due to an anti-inflammatory effect. There is a body of literature that suggests that compounds in wine, tumeric, and tea inhibit cyclooxygenases, thus reducing prostaglandin-mediated effects on the colon. As colon tumors have been shown to highly express COX-2 protein, and given, that many NSAID drugs also suppress COX-1, it is tempting to speculate that herbal products that inhibit one or both forms of the COX enzyme will be effective agents for the prevention of cancer in man.
Animal ; Anticarcinogenic Agents/*pharmacology ; Colonic Neoplasms/pathology/*prevention & control ; Disease Models, Animal ; Human ; Korea ; *Panax ; Precancerous Conditions/pathology/*prevention & control ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred F344

The inhibitory effects of ginseng on the development of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in the colon were investigated in rats. Male, 6-week-old rats were injected with DMH once a week for 4 weeks. Rats in Groups 1 and 2 were fed diets containing red and white ginseng, rerspectively, at a dose of 1% for 5 weeks, starting one week before the first treatment of DMH. Animals in Groups 3 and 4 received red or white ginseng for 8 weeks starting after DMH treatment. Group 5 served as a carcinogen control group. Numbers of ACF with at least four crypts were significantly reduced in the colon of Group 2 treated with red ginseng combined with DMH. Moreover, rats were injected with DMH 4 times at one-week intervals. They were also fed diets containing 1% red or white ginseng or the control diet throughout 30 days of the experiment. Treatment with red ginseng resulted in a significant decrease of 5- bromo-2'-deoxyuridine labeling indices in colonic crypts comprising ACF. These findings suggest that dietary administration of red ginseng in combination with DMH suppresses colon carcinogenesis in rats, and the inhibition may be associated, in part, with inhibition of cell proliferation, acting on ACF in the colonic mucosa.
1,2-Dimethylhydrazine/adverse effects ; Animal ; Anticarcinogenic Agents/*pharmacology ; Carcinogenicity Tests ; Carcinogens/adverse effects ; Colonic Neoplasms/pathology/*prevention & control ; Male ; *Panax ; Plant Roots ; Precancerous Conditions/pathology/*prevention & control ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred F344

OBJECTIVETo observe the distribution of the pre-cancerous condition and pathological changes of esophageal cancer of the community residents in high-incidence area, and to provide etiological evidences for secondary prevention.

METHODSAn iodine-staining endoscope census was conducted in 9536 residents with high-risk factors at Feicheng, a high esophageal cancer incidence community in Shandong province. Of which, 1507 pathologic biopsies were performed and chi2 test administrated.

RESULTSThere was no statistical significance found in biopsy pathologic diagnosis between females and males among 1507 samples. The mild and medium atypical hyperplasia was taken as pre-cancerous condition and severe atypical hyperplasia was taken as pre-cancerous lesion. Taking all the population attending census as denominator, the detection rate of the precancerous state and precancerous lesion were 6.98% (294/4214) and 1.23% (52/4214) for the males, and 3.68% (196/5322) and 0.47% (25/5322) for the females, respectively. A statistical significance was observed when comparing males with females (chi2 were 52.349 and 15.267, respectively, P < 0.05). Analyzed by age group, severe atypical hyperplasia pathological changes were mainly distributed in the age group of 50- and 65-. The constituent ratio between 45 - and 50 - was the highest for CIS. Early carcinoma was mainly distributed in five age groups from 45- to 65-. It showed that high incidence town had a high detection rate of cancer and pathological changes of esophageal cancer in the analysis of urban and rural distribution.

CONCLUSIONThe distribution of the pre-cancerous state and pathological changes of esophageal cancer of the residents should have provided a scientific basis for the primary and secondary prevention.

Adult ; Age Distribution ; Aged ; China ; epidemiology ; Community Health Services ; Esophageal Neoplasms ; epidemiology ; pathology ; prevention & control ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Mass Screening ; Middle Aged ; Precancerous Conditions ; epidemiology ; pathology ; prevention & control ; Preventive Health Services

Borderline ovarian tumors (BOTs) represent about 15% to 20% of all ovarian malignancies and differ from invasive ovarian cancers (IOCs) by many characters. Historically, standard management of BOT is peritoneal washing cytology, hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, omentectomy, complete peritoneal resection of macroscopic lesions; in case of mucinous BOTs, appendectomy should be performed. Because BOTs are often diagnosed at earlier stage, in younger age women and have better prognosis, higher survival rate than IOCs, fertility-sparing surgery is one of the option to preserve childbearing capacity. The study of such conservative surgery is being released, and still controversial. After surgery, pregnancy and ovarian induction followed by in vitro fertilization are also significant issues. In surgery, laparoscopic technique can be used by a gynecologic oncology surgeon. So far postoperative chemotherapy, radiotherapy and hormone therapy are not recommended. We will discuss controversial issues of BOTs on this review and present the outline of the management of BOTs.
Biopsy ; Chemotherapy, Adjuvant ; Female ; Humans ; Infertility, Female/prevention & control ; Intraoperative Care/methods ; Laparoscopy/methods ; Laparotomy/methods ; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/therapy ; Neoplasm Staging ; Organ Sparing Treatments/methods ; Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology/*therapy ; Ovary/*pathology ; Precancerous Conditions/pathology/therapy

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the chemopreventive effects of boswellic acid and curcumin on 7,12-dimethyl benzanthracene(DMBA)-induced oral carcinogenesis in the hamster cheek pouch model.

METHODSMale Syrian golden hamsters (6 - 8 weeks old, 80 - 130 g in weight) were randomly divided into seven groups, with group A serving as the untreated negative control. The left cheek pouch of the remaining hamsters was topically treated with 0.5% DMBA in mineral oil three times a week for 6 weeks. They were then randomized to six groups with group B serving as a positive control and receiving no further treatment. Groups C-G were treated topically with 5, 10 mg/L boswellic acid, 5, 10 µmol/L curcumin, or the combination of 5 mg/L boswellic acid and 5 µmol/L curcumin three times per week for 18 weeks. The animals were injected with bromodeoxyuridine intraperitoneally at 50 mg/kg 2 h prior to killing. At the 25 th week all the hamsters were sacrificed and cheek pouch tissue was harvested. One half of the tissue was snap frozen in liquid nitrogen for analysis of arachidonic acid metabolites, and the other half was fixed in 10% phosphate-buffered saline(PBS)-buffered formalin for histopathological examination.

RESULTSSix-weeks of DMBA followed by 18-weeks of topical application of boswellic acid and curcumin, both boswellic acid (5, 10 mg/L) and curcumin (5, 10 µmol/L) significantly inhibited the incidence from 93.8% to 73.9% (P > 0.05), numbers from 2.19 ± 0.98 to 1.13 ± 0.81 (P < 0.01) and size of visible tumors. Microscopically the incidence of squamous cell carcinoma and BrdU index were also significantly suppressed by boswellic acid and curcumin.

CONCLUSIONSBoth boswellic acid and curcumin were effective in preventing oral carcinogenesis in DMBA-induced hamster cheek pouch model.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene ; Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents ; therapeutic use ; Bromodeoxyuridine ; Carcinogenesis ; drug effects ; Carcinogens ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; chemically induced ; pathology ; prevention & control ; Cheek ; pathology ; Cricetinae ; Curcumin ; therapeutic use ; Hyperplasia ; Leukotriene B4 ; metabolism ; Male ; Mesocricetus ; Mouth Neoplasms ; chemically induced ; pathology ; prevention & control ; Precancerous Conditions ; chemically induced ; pathology ; prevention & control ; Random Allocation ; Triterpenes ; therapeutic use

The anticarcinogenic effects and mechanisms of the biotechnological drugs of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer cultivated in Russia, bioginseng, panaxel and panaxel- 5, were studied. Bioginseng was produced from a tissue culture of ginseng root cultured on standard medium, whereas panaxel and panaxel-5 were produced from ginseng tissue root cultures using standard mediums enriched with 2-carboxyethylgermanium sesquioxide and 1-hydroxygermatran-monohydrate respectively. All three ginseng drugs inhibited the development of mammary tumors induced by intramammary injections of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) in rats, the development of the brain and spinal cord tumors induced by transplacental administration of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) in rats, and the development of uterine, cervical and vaginal tumors induced by intravaginal applications of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) in mice. The ginseng drugs induced the cytotoxic activity of macrophages in mice, enhanced T-lymphocyte rosette formation in guinea pigs exposed to cyclophosphamide, and stimulated the production of thyroid hormones in rats. These mechanisms may contribute to the anticarcinogenic action of the ginseng drugs. The organic germanium compounds present in panaxel and panaxel-5 did not potentiate the anticarcinogenic or immuno- stimulatory effects as much as biogeinseng. Preliminary clinical trials with panaxel and bioginseng were carried out in patients with precancerous lesions of the esophagus and endometrium. Panaxel was found to have a strong therapeutic effect in patients suffering from chronic erosive esophagitis. Bioginseng induced the regression of adenomatous-cystic hyperplasia of the endometrium in some patients. Thus, we conclude that the drugs of ginseng appear to hold considerable promise for future cancer chemoprevention.
Adenocarcinoma/chemically induced/prevention & control ; Adult ; Animal ; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/*therapeutic use ; Cells, Cultured ; Cervix Neoplasms/chemically induced/prevention & control ; Clinical Trials ; Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic ; Disease Models, Animal ; Endometrial Neoplasms/pathology/prevention & control ; Endometrium/pathology ; Esophageal Neoplasms/pathology/prevention & control ; Esophagus/pathology ; Estradiol/blood ; Female ; Fibroadenoma/chemically induced/prevention & control ; Human ; Macrophages, Peritoneal/cytology/immunology ; Male ; Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/chemically induced/prevention & control ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Neoplasms, Experimental/chemically induced/*prevention & control ; Nervous System Neoplasms/chemically induced/prevention & control ; Panax/*metabolism ; Precancerous Conditions/pathology/*prevention & control ; Rats ; Tissue Culture ; Uterine Neoplasms/chemically induced/prevention & control ; Vaginal Neoplasms/chemically induced/prevention & control

OBJECTIVETo study the therapeutic effect of Weiyan serial recipes (WYSR) in treatment of chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) accompanied with intestinal metaplasia (IM) and/or dysplasia (Dys) and to explore its molecular mechanisms for reversing the gastric precancerous lesions.

METHODSOne hundred and fifty patients with confirmed diagnosis of CAG accompanied with IM and/or mild Dys were randomly assigned to the treatment group (120 cases) and the control group (30 cases). Patients in the treatment group were respectively treated with WYSR I-IV according to Chinese medicine syndrome typing as incoordination of Gan and Wei syndrome (32 cases), deficiency of Pi and Wei syndrome (35 cases), insufficient Wei-yin syndrome (28 cases), and stasis stagnation in Wei-channel syndrome (25 cases). Patients in the control group orally took Weifuchun Pill. The therapeutic course for all was 3 months, and totally 2 courses. The clinical effects, changes under the gastroscope, the pathological changes, and expressions of gastric mucosal hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha(HIF-1alpha), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein were compared between the two groups before and after treatment.

RESULTSThe total effective rate of the treatment group was 86.7% and the total effective rate of the gastroscopic changes was 78.3%, which was higher than those of the control group (56.7% and 40.0%), showing significant difference (P < 0.01, P < 0.05). The total effective rate of clinical symptoms and that of the pathological changes were higher in the treatment group than in the control group with statistical significance shown (P < 0.05). There was no statistical difference in the expressions of HIF-1alpha and VEGF protein of the control group between before and after treatment (P > 0.05). Compared with before treatment, the post-treatment expressions of HIF-1alpha and VEGF protein both obviously decreased in the treatment group (P < 0.01), and were lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSWYSR showed better effects on treating gastric precancerous lesions. It could significantly improve the atrophy, IM, and Dys, and promote the reversal of gastric precancerous lesions. Its mechanisms might possibly be correlated with inhibiting the over-expressions of HIF-1alpha and VEGF protein.

Adult ; Aged ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Gastritis, Atrophic ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; pathology ; Humans ; Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit ; metabolism ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Phytotherapy ; Precancerous Conditions ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; pathology ; Stomach Neoplasms ; prevention & control ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ; metabolism ; Young Adult