OBJECTIVETo study the characteristics of dry matter accumulation and N, P, K, Ca and Mg accumulation and distribution of Chrysanthemum morifolium.

METHODThe sampling were carried out on the different growing time of C. morifolium, and the amount of dry matter and the content of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in all parts of the plant were measured.

RESULTThe dry matter accumulation was lineally increased with the absorption and accumulation of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg. In different growing periods, the accumulation and distribution of mineral nutrition were different in C. morifolium. The mineral nutrition was mostly in the leaf of the plant in the vegetative period. When the growth changed from vegetative growth to reproductive growth, the mineral nutrition was transferred and distributed into bud, flower and root shoot. And the period of flower bud differentiation of C. morifolium was the period of maximal accumulation of dry matter and showed the maximum efficiency of N, P and K nutrition. For production of 100 kg dry flower 4.13 kg N, 0.37 kg P, 5.03 kg K, 3.03 kg Ca and 0.81 kg Mg were needed. And the ratio of them was 1:0.09:1.22:0.73:0.20.

CONCLUSIONThe period of flower bud differentiation is the most crucial period in the growth of C. morifolium. And it must pay attention to the supply of mineral nutrition and moisture of plant to promote flower formation and dry matter accumulation in this period. It is strongly recommended that the phosphorus and potassium fertilizers should be early applied, the nitrogenous fertilizer should be applied dividedly, and the calcium magnesium fertilizers are also applied properly.

Calcium ; metabolism ; Chrysanthemum ; chemistry ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Nitrogen ; metabolism ; Phosphorus ; metabolism ; Plant Structures ; chemistry ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Potassium ; metabolism

The correlations between soil nutrition and yield as well as active compound contents of Coptis teeta were analyzed. The contents of 13 soil factors, rhizome biomass and the content of berberine, jatrorrhizine, and palmatine in rhizome of C. teeta were determined, and analyzed by factor analysis (FA) and correlation analysis (CA). FA showed that the first three factors accounted for 86.9% of the total variance. The contents of Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, and Zn correlated with the first factor. The content of organic matter, N, available N, available P, and available K correlated with the second factor. CA showed that yield of C. teeta had a significant positive correlation with available P (r = 0.931) at 0.01 level, and available N (r = 0.703) at 0.05 level. The content of berberine of C. teeta had a significant positive correlation with available P (r = 0.680) at 0.05 level. The yield and berberine content of C. teeta were high in the soil with high contents of available N and available P.
Berberine ; analysis ; metabolism ; China ; Coptis ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; metabolism ; Nitrogen ; analysis ; metabolism ; Phosphates ; analysis ; metabolism ; Potassium ; analysis ; metabolism ; Rhizome ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Soil ; chemistry

Animals ; Asthma ; physiopathology ; Bronchi ; metabolism ; Bronchial Hyperreactivity ; etiology ; Humans ; Muscle, Smooth ; metabolism ; Potassium Channels ; chemistry ; physiology ; Potassium Channels, Calcium-Activated ; physiology ; Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated ; physiology

We investigated the expression of aquaporin 1 (AQP1) in tissues from canines with an inherited anomaly that causes their erythrocytes to have high K+. Northern blot analysis revealed abundant AQP1 expression in lung and kidney, though little expression was found in spleen. Using anti-C-terminus for dog AQP1, abundant expression was shown in kidney, trachea, and eye, but little expression was shown in pancreas and cerebrum, indicating that AQP1 expression in canine tissues is similar to that noted in other mammals.
Animals ; Aquaporin 1/*metabolism ; Blotting, Northern ; Dogs ; Erythrocytes/*chemistry ; Immunoblotting ; Potassium/*analysis ; Viscera/metabolism

Using soil chemical analysis method and combining with ICP-AES determination of mineral nutrition element content in rhizosphere soil of different planting age Abelmoschus Corolla Results show that along with the increase of planting age, the nitrogen (total N), available P and organic matter in rhizosphere soil of Abelmoschus Corolla content declined year by year and the soil got acidification. Heavy metal element content in agricultural land does not exceed national standards, but the content of element mercury (Hg) in rhizosphere soil of different planting age Abelmoschus Corolla declined. Request of microelement such as manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) had a increase tendency, but the content of magnesium (Mg) and sodium (Na) increased, and other nutrient elements had no changed rules or unchanged apparently. Consequently, exploring the change rules of different planting age Abelmoschus Corolla soil in rhizosphere as theoretical guidance of rational fertilization and subducting continuous cropping obstscles.
Abelmoschus ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Nitrogen ; analysis ; metabolism ; Phosphorus ; analysis ; metabolism ; Potassium ; analysis ; metabolism ; Rhizosphere ; Soil ; chemistry ; Trace Elements ; analysis ; metabolism

The experiment included three potassium levels (K0 0 g x kg(-1), K1 0.33 g x kg(-1), K2 0.67 g x kg(-1)) and two water gradients (well watered and drought stress), then measured growth indicators, SOD, POD, CAT activities and concents of osmotic regulation substances. To explore the effects of K fertilizer and water on growth and physiological characteristics of Isatis indigotica, providing reference for improving drought resistance of I. indigotica. The result showed drought stress inhibited the growth and decreased the biomass of I. indigotica but K fertilizer can alleviate the drought stress. Compared with K0 treatment, K1, K2 treatment increased the biomass of overground part of by 89. 13% ,60. 87% under drought stress. The corresponding increase in soluble sugar content was 16.67%, 5.00%, and in proline content was 42.41%, 65.62%, respectively. SOD,POD and CAT activities was significantly improved in K1, K2 treatment in comparison with K0 treatment under drought stress, but soluble protein content significantly reduced. The conclusion is that appropriate amount of K fertilizer can increase the activities of antioxidase and the content of osmoregulation substance under drought stress, and improve drought resistance of I. indigotica.
Fertilizers ; analysis ; Isatis ; chemistry ; enzymology ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Peroxidase ; metabolism ; Plant Proteins ; metabolism ; Potassium ; analysis ; metabolism ; Seedlings ; chemistry ; enzymology ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Superoxide Dismutase ; metabolism ; Water ; analysis ; metabolism

In order to investigate the effects of pyrolysis conditions on bio-oil production from biomass in molten salt, experiments of biomass pyrolysis were carried out in a self-designed reactor in which the molten salt ZnCl2-KCl (with mole ratio 7/6) was selected as heat carrier, catalyst and dispersion agent. The effects of metal salt added into ZnCl2-KCl and biomass material on biomass pyrolysis were discussed, and the main compositions of bio-oil were determined by GC-MS. Metal salt added into molten salt could affect pyrolysis production yields remarkably. Lanthanon salt could enhance bio-oil yield and decrease water content in bio-oil, when mole fraction of 5.0% LaCl3 was added, bio-oil yield could reach up to 32.0%, and water content of bio-oil could reduce to 61.5%. The bio-oil and char yields were higher when rice straw was pyrolysed, while gas yield was higher when rice husk was used. Metal salts showed great selectivity on compositions of bio-oil. LiCl and FeCl2 promoted biomass to pyrolyse into smaller molecular weight compounds. CrCl3, CaCl2 and LaCl3 could restrain second pyrolysis of bio-oil. The research provided a scientific reference for production of bio-oil from biomass pyrolysis in molten salt.
Biofuels ; analysis ; Bioreactors ; microbiology ; Catalysis ; Chlorides ; chemistry ; Lanthanum ; chemistry ; Lipids ; biosynthesis ; Oryza ; metabolism ; Plant Stems ; metabolism ; Potassium Chloride ; chemistry ; Salts ; chemistry ; Zinc Compounds ; chemistry

OBJECTIVESome of the phenolic compounds detected in the soil of commercially cultivated American ginseng could inhibit the seed germination and seedling growth of American ginseng. In this paper we studied the root exudation of American ginseng induced by deficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on the content of phenolic compounds.

METHODTwo years old American ginsengs were cultured in hydroponic culture with different nutrient solution. The culture solution was collected after 14 days. The exudations of different polarities in the culture solution were enriched by the amberlite XAD4 and XAD7. The content of the total phenolic acids in the exudation was analyzed by Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetry; the contents of vanillic acid, p-coumaric acid and trans-cinnamic acid were detected and quantified by HPLC.

RESULTBoth in the situation of nitrogen and potassium deficiency, the concentration of total phenolic compounds increased significantly in the exudation of American ginseng comparing with the complete nutrient solution (P < 0.05) , while decreased significantly under phosphorus deficient conditions (P < 0.05). The contents of the 3 autotoxic phenolic acids decreased significantly under nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium deficient conditions (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe contents of total phenolic compounds and the 3 autotoxic phenolics in the root exudation of American ginseng altered variously in the deficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.

Coumaric Acids ; analysis ; Hydroxybenzoates ; analysis ; Nitrogen ; deficiency ; Panax ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Phosphorus ; deficiency ; Plant Exudates ; chemistry ; Plant Roots ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Potassium ; chemistry ; Propionates ; Soil ; chemistry ; Vanillic Acid ; analysis

Glutamate (GLU) is a neurotransmitter. Massive release of GLU and glycine (GLY) into the brain's extracellular space may be triggered by ischemia, and may result in acute neuronal lysis or delayed neuronal death. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible relationship between hyperventilation and the level of GLU and GLY during brain ischemia. Rabbits were anesthetized with halothane and oxygen. Group 1 was allowed to hyperventilate (PaCO2 25-35 mmHg). PaCO2 was maintained throughout the study. Group 2 was a normal control group that maintained normocapnia. Two global cerebral ischemic episodes were produced. Microdialysate was collected during the peri-ischemic and reperfusion periods from the dorsal hippocampus. GLU and GLY concentrations were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. In the control group, GLU and GLY were significantly elevated during each episode of ischemia; these levels returned to baseline within 10 minutes after reperfusion. In contrast, in the hyperventilation group GLU and GLY concentrations increased during ischemia, but they were not statistically significant. We were able to demonstrate that hypocapnia during periischemic period lowered extracellular GLU and GLY concentrations. These results can explain a part of the protective action of hypocapnia during cerebral ischemia.
Animal ; Brain Ischemia/*metabolism ; Glutamic Acid/*analysis ; Glycine/*analysis ; Hippocampus/*chemistry ; Hyperventilation/metabolism ; Hypocapnia/*metabolism ; Potassium/metabolism ; Potassium Channels/physiology ; Rabbits ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

A new dynamic in vitro intestinal absorption model for screening and evaluating lipid formulations was established by means of the characteristics of the intestinal digestion and absorption of the lipid formulations. This model was composed of two systems, including intestinal digestion and the intestinal tissue culture, which drew the evaluation method of intestinal absorption into the in vitro lipolysis model. The influence of several important model parameters such as Ca2+, D-glucose, K+ on the two systems of this model has been investigated. The results showed that increasing of Ca2+ concentration could be significantly conductive to intestinal digestion. The increasing of D-glucose concentration could stepped significantly down the decay of the intestinal activity. K+ was able to maintain intestinal activity, but the influence of different concentration levels on the decay of the intestinal activity was of no significant difference. Thus the model parameters were set up as follows: Ca2+ for 10 mmol x L(-1), D-glucose for 15 mmol x L(-1) and K+ for 5.5 mmol x L(-1). Type I lipid formulation was evaluated with this model, and there was a significant correlation between the absorption curve in vitro and absorption curve in vivo of rats (r = 0.995 6, P < 0.01). These results demonstrated that this model can be an attractive and great potential method for the screening, evaluating and predicting of the lipid formulations.
Animals ; Calcium ; metabolism ; Caprylates ; chemistry ; Digestion ; Glucose ; metabolism ; Glycerides ; chemistry ; Indomethacin ; chemistry ; Intestinal Absorption ; Lipids ; chemistry ; Lipolysis ; Models, Biological ; Potassium ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley