Sarcotragin C (1), a new sesterterpene metabolite was isolated from a Sarcotragus sp. sponge collected from Chuja Island, Korea. On the basis of the combined spectroscopic analyses, the structure of this compound was determined to be a linear norsesterterpene containing a leucine-derived gamma-lactam moiety. This compound exhibited moderate cytotoxicity against K562 and A549 cell-lines.
Korea ; Porifera*

Dys-1 and Dys-2 compounds were isolated and determined structure from extracts of n-hexane and dichloromethane of sponge Dysidea cinerea by normal and reverse phases of silica gel column chromatography. Dys-1 is a white crystallized agent. Through data and reference materials, the agent is determined as Isofucosterol (24-Stigmasta-5, 24(24')-dien-3β-ol). Dys-2 compound is a crystallized agent with crystal of white needle form. The compound is determined as 5, 8- epidioxycholest-6--en-3-ol. It is cyto-toxic against three tumor cell lines in human such as epithelium cancer, liver cancer, and uterus membrane cancer
Porifera ; Chromatography

OBJECTIVE: A low-viscosity resin (infiltrant) was used to inhibit the progression of white spot lesions (WSLs) and resolve associated esthetic issues. An alternative pretreatment was explored to increase the pore volume of the surface layer of the WSLs. Also, the penetration effects of the infiltrant were evaluated for various pretreatments. METHODS: Sixty two artificial lesions were fabricated on bovine teeth. As a positive control, 15% HCl gel was applied for 120 seconds. Further, 37% H3PO4 gel was applied for 30 seconds using three methods. The samples were divided as follows: H3PO4 only group, H3PO4 sponge group, and H3PO4 brush group. The acid was gently rubbed with the applicators (i.e., a sponge or brush) throughout the application time. To compare the effects of resin infiltration, twenty paired halves of specimens were treated with an infiltrant (ICON(R)). RESULTS: Thicknesses of the removed surface layers and infiltrated areas were evaluated by confocal laser scanning microscope. The positive control and the 37% H3PO4 brush group failed to show significant differences in the removed thickness (p > 0.05); however, the mean percentage of the infiltrated area was higher in the 37% H3PO4 brush group (84.13 +/- 7.58%) than the positive control (63.51 +/- 7.62%, p < 0.001). Scanning electron microscope observations indicate higher pore volumes for the 37% H3PO4 brush group than for the positive control. CONCLUSIONS: Application of 37% H3PO4 with a brush for 30 seconds increased the pore volume of WSL surface layers and the percentage of infiltrated areas in comparison to the use of 15% HCl for 120 seconds.
Dental Caries* ; Porifera ; Tooth

Intensive chemical investigation of Korean marine sponge Spongia sp. has led to the isolation of two new scalaranes. The planar structures of the new compounds 1 and 2 were determined through 1D and 2D NMR spectral data analysis, while the relative stereochemistry of the compounds was determined based on the analysis of 1H-1H coupling constants and NOESY spectroscopic data. Compounds 1 and 2 did not display any significant biological activities on farnesoid X-activated receptor (FXR) in co-transfection assay.
Porifera* ; Statistics as Topic

The present study was performed to evaluate the effects of Tetracycline-HCl on the microstructure change of SLA implant surface according to application time. In the Tetracycline-HCl group, 6 implants were rubbed with sponges soaked 50mg/ml Tetracycline-HCl solution for 0.5min., 1min., 1.5min., 2min., 2.5min. and 3min. In the saline group, another 6 implants conditioned with sponges soaked saline using same methods. One implant wasn't conditioned anything. Then, the changes of surface roughness values were evaluated by optical interferometer & specimens were processed for scanning electron microscopic observation. The results of this study were as follows: 1. In both Tetracycline-HCl group & saline group, there are no significant differences between surface roughness values before & after surface detoxification. And in scanning electron microscopic observation, there are slightl9y changes of implant surface structures but this changes were not significant by comparison with no treatment implant surface. 2. In the changes of surface roughness values & the scanning electron microscopic observation, there were no significant differences between saline & Tetracycline-HCl groups. In conclusion, the detoxification with 50mg/ml Tetracycline-HCl within 3 minutes can be applied for treatment of peri-implantitis in SLA surface implants, without surface microstructure changes.
Peri-Implantitis ; Porifera

Homogenization technique is employed to investigate the series of stress analyses of mandible for three different types of dental implants. This technique helps to make proper material model of bone and analyze such a non homogeneous structure at the level of individual microstructural unit. The stress analyses with homogenization technique show much higher stress level in the sponge bone, compared to those of conventional FEM. It also manifested that even a minor lateral force results in crucial stresses in the dental implant system and that the macroscale model should take the shape and size after real mandible to produce reasonable solution in the analyses of dental implant systems. The shapes of dental implants simulated in this study are rectangularcross-sectioned type, hemi-sphere rooted type, and wedge type implant. The stress states of mandible with hemisphere rooted type implant and wedge type implant show similar levels, while those with sectioned rectangular implant results in higher stresses. It is suggested that the distance between the implant tip and cortical bone be kept far enough to prevent stress concentrations in the mandible.
Dental Implants ; Mandible ; Porifera

No abstract available.
Conscious Sedation* ; Porifera*

This study was performed to investigate the in vitro proliferation and migration of rabbit auricular chondrocytes into the various sized pore of PLLA and PLGA scaffolds. The chondrocytes were harvested, expanded, and seeded onto PLGA(50 : 50, 75 : 25, 85 : 15) and PLLA scaffold having either small(50 - 100 micrometer) or large(300 - 350 micrometer) pores. On the 4th and 8th week after culture, histologic observation and quantitative DNA assay were done. We noted that the largest amount of DNA was found in the 85 : 15 PLGA sponges than others, and in the 4th and 8th week, some amount of DNA was detected in the lower portion of 85 : 15 PLGA sponge only, and DNA amounts were increased during the culture period in the 85 : 15 PLGA, significantly. We also found that the numbers of cells were low in middle portion of scaffolds, and in large pore-sized group of 85 : 15 PLGA, there were many cells in the lower portion of the scaffolds more than that of small pore group. In conclusion, the pore size of the scaffold for chondrocyte culture is important for cell migration and proliferation, and PLGA, especially 85 : 15 PLGA with 300- 350 micrometer sized pore is the more suitable biomatrix for proliferation and migration of the chondrocytes.
Cell Movement ; Chondrocytes* ; DNA ; Porifera

Marine sponges have been considered as a drug treasure house with respect to great potential regarding their secondary metabolites. Most of the studies have been conducted on sponge's derived compounds to examine its pharmacological properties. Such compounds proved to have antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antimalarial, antitumor, immunosuppressive, and cardiovascular activity. Although, the mode of action of many compounds by which they interfere with human pathogenesis have not been clear till now, in this review not only the capability of the medicinal substances have been examined in vitro and in vivo against serious pathogenic microbes but, the mode of actions of medicinal compounds were explained with diagrammatic illustrations. This knowledge is one of the basic components to be known especially for transforming medicinal molecules to medicines. Sponges produce a different kind of chemical substances with numerous carbon skeletons, which have been found to be the main component interfering with human pathogenesis at different sites. The fact that different diseases have the capability to fight at different sites inside the body can increase the chances to produce targeted medicines.
Carbon ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Pharmacokinetics ; Porifera* ; Skeleton

Adjustable sutures increased the rate of success with a single procedure, but sometimes fails because of changes in the angle of deviation which develops a few days after surgery. Therefore, the delayed adjustment was attempted;however, the postoperative adhesion following strabismus surgery make delayed adjustment impossible. We studied 45 eyes of 25 rabbits; adjustable strabismus surgery underwent a hang-back technique in the superior rectus muscle. In experimental group, a sponge was soaked in 5-Fluorouracil, and the sponge was placed between the conjunctiva and the sclera for 5 minutes during the operation. We studied the possible time of delayed adjustment and estimated the minimal forces required for the adjustment. The experimental group A (5-Fluorouracil, 50mg/ml) allowed for a 6 day delayed adjustment after surgery, control group allowed for a 2 day delayed adjustment after surgery. These results suggest that 5-Fluorouracil may valuable resource to delayed adjustment strabismus surgery by reduce postoperative adhesion.
Conjunctiva ; Fluorouracil* ; Porifera ; Rabbits ; Sclera ; Strabismus* ; Sutures