The sonographic features of 23 lymphangiomas (19 pediatric patients) were compared with the pathologic findings. Nineteen lymphangiomas appesred as unicameral (n=2) and multiloculated (n=7) cystic masses. Remaining lesions were inhomogeneously echogenic mass with small cystic portions (n=3) and a mixed pattern (n=1). Fourteen of the multiloculated tumors had thin septa and 6 had solid echogenic foci. The fluid within the majority of the cyst was anechoic in 8 cases and echogenic in 11 cases. Correlation of the sonographic features with the pathologic findings demonstrated that the cystic spaces corresponded to the dilated lymphatic spaces lined with endothelium, separated by septa. Echogenic fluid represented hemorrhage. The echogenic component corres ponded to clusters of very smaller dilated lymphatic channels, thick fibro-fatty septa, or blood clot. The author's experience suggests that the most characteristic sonographic appearance of lymphangioma is a multiloculated cysti mass with thin septa, reflecting the preponderance of fluid-filled spaces. An atypical appearance usually reflects the presence of blood or dominancy of cavernous type. The information obtained with US imaging can help in providing a preoperative diagnosis and in planning surgical resection.
Child* ; Diagnosis ; Endothelium ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Lymphangioma* ; Ponds ; Ultrasonography*

Recently, according to increase in production of pond snails resulting from the widespread organic farming, organic farmers are showing a lot of interests in the promotion of consumption and extending the market of pond snails. This study was performed to suggest the process of product development of the ready-to-eat pond-snail Mandu as a health food, to show the results of market test of the pilot product, and to investigate the change of the sensory characteristics during storage periods. For the market test of pond-snail Mandu, the survey was developed and delivered to consumers. The questionnaire consisted of 3 parts such as respondents demographic characteristics, customer's perception of pond-snail Mandu before tasting, and customer's perception of that after tasting. And the market test was carried out with university students, welfare institution residents and apartment residents in the Seoul and Gyeonggi areas. As a result of the test, the most important purchasing factors were determined in the order of taste (49.5%), hygienic quality (12.5%), nutritional value (10%) and price (9%). And only 4.2% of respondents selected brand name as an important purchasing factor. After tasting pondsnail Mandu, consumers had suggested the better taste (t = 6.986, p < 0.000) and price (t = 2.082, p < 0.05) than those of before tasting. In response to favorable impression of pond-snail Mandu, 54.5% of total respondents evaluated positively. The favorable impressions came from iron-rich Mandu (27.6%), high protein and nutritious Mandu (24.4%), calcium-rich Mandu (17.9%), diet Mandu (13.3%), and delicious Mandu (12.5%) respectively. Sensory characteristics of pond-snail Mandu were evaluated by professional panels in terms of the softness of Mandu skin, chewiness, moistness, toothpacking, color, aroma, saltiness, and degree of plain, taste, and aftertaste. The evaluation of sensory characteristics on a 7-point scale, showed that softness of mandu skin (4.44) and aftertaste (4.11) got a low scores. The statistical difference of the tastes (p > 0.05) was not founded by storage period of 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Based on the result, the improvement of these characteristics are desired in developing the pond-snail Mandu. Research method applied to this study can be useful for developing a new product.
Surveys and Questionnaires ; Diet ; Gyeonggi-do ; Food, Organic* ; Humans ; Nutritive Value ; Organic Agriculture ; Ponds ; Seoul ; Skin ; Snails

While surveying the diversity of fungi of the order Mucorales, two isolates, EML-PUKI12-1 and EML-PUKI06-1, were obtained from the gut of soldier fly larvae inhabiting the bulrush at a pond located in the Chonnam National University Arboretum, Gwangju, Korea. The isolates were confirmed as Mucor irregularis and Mucor fragilis species, respectively, based on the morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of rDNA internal transcribed spacer region. Such mucoralean species belonging to undiscovered taxa has not previously been described in Korea.
Diptera* ; DNA, Ribosomal ; Fungi ; Gwangju ; Humans ; Jeollanam-do ; Korea* ; Larva* ; Military Personnel* ; Mucor ; Mucorales ; Ponds

Dracunculiasis, otherwise known as guinea worm disease (GWD), is caused by infection with the nematode Dracunculus medinensis. This nematode is transmitted to humans exclusively via contaminated drinking water. The transmitting vectors are Cyclops copepods (water fleas), which are tiny free-swimming crustaceans usually found abundantly in freshwater ponds. Humans can acquire GWD by drinking water that contains vectors infected with guinea worm larvae. This disease is prevalent in some of the most deprived areas of the world, and no vaccine or medicine is currently available. International efforts to eradicate dracunculiasis began in the early 1980s. Most dentists and maxillofacial surgeons have neglected this kind of parasite infection. However, when performing charitable work in developing countries near the tropic lines or other regions where GWD is endemic, it is important to consider GWD in cases of swelling or tumors of unknown origin. This paper reviews the pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical criteria, diagnostic criteria, treatment, and prevention of dracunculiasis. It also summarizes important factors for maxillofacial surgeons to consider.
Copepoda ; Dentists ; Developing Countries ; Dracunculiasis* ; Dracunculus Nematode ; Drinking Water ; Epidemiology ; Fresh Water ; Humans ; Larva ; Minocycline ; Parasites ; Ponds ; Surgery, Oral*

This paper describes the incidence and some epidemiological features of drowning accident out of a series of our study on the epidemiology of various accidents in Korea. By the daily press it is apparent from the frequent reporting of swimming accidents that the incidence would be high. In the rural areas, there are, at present about 1,250 artificial lakes and farm ponds to be utilized for rice production. The reservoirs, irrigation ditches and riversides are also used for recreation. In most places facilities for aquatic activities is meager, and safety measures for the prevention of drowning is not sufficiently enforced. In the survey crude data on drowning were collected from the concerned governmental statistic books for the period 1955 to 1967 which were compiled not in a uniform way. Drowning were classified into two categories, one is accidental drowning, E929 and the other is due to cataclysm, E934, according to the WHO international classification of diseases. Epidemiological variables in relation to drowning accident were obtained through qualitative analysis of informations from the popular newspapers. The following summary may be drawn; 1. The average number of deaths due to accidental drowning totaled 1,088 annually and the mortality rate per 100,000 population was 3.4. The 42.0% of all drowning were rescued and the remaining were not saved. 2. The sex ration(M/F) of the victims for all ages was 5 to 1, which had a wide range of difference among the age groups. The young ages less than 20 years occupied 68.0% of all deaths. 3. The percentage distribution of the causes of accidents revealed 31.9% for careless swimming, 45.5% for unskilled, 16.6% for swimmer's cramp and 6.0% for drunken. The distribution of places where accidents occurred showed 88.0% for rivers, water reservoirs, irrigation ditches and 12.0% for regular swimming pools. The seasonal distribution of cases indicated 85.0% of the total were seen during the summer months, June-August, and 50.0% of them occurred on Sundays. 4. The average annual deaths due to cataclysm were 402 and mortality rate per 100,000 population was 1.6, but the number of victims due to cataclysm varied greatly each year. 5. The accident cases due to cataclysm were classified into 60.0% for injuries, 40.0% for deaths. The 26.8% of all deaths were missing cases. 6. The deaths due to either accidental drowning or cataclysm totaled 1,490, and the death rate per 100,000 for the whole country was 5.0.
Drowning* ; Epidemiology ; Humans ; Incidence* ; International Classification of Diseases ; Korea* ; Lakes ; Mortality ; Muscle Cramp ; Newspapers ; Ponds ; Recreation ; Rivers ; Seasons ; Swimming ; Swimming Pools ; Water ; Periodicals

PURPOSE: Chironomids (nonbiting midges) are widely and abundantly distributed near ponds, rivers, and artificially dammed pools used for irrigation. Chironomids contain allergens and cause airway allergy in humans. In this study, we aimed to examine the allergic potential of chironomids in inhabitants living near artificially dammed pools. METHODS: We examined immunoglobulin E (IgE) reactivity to chironomid extracts in the sera of residents living around installed dams and assessed the correlations of IgE responses between chironomids (Chironomus flaviplumus, Chironomus kiiensis, Cricotopus bicinctus) and house dust mites (Dermatophagoides farinae). In addition, we identified potential IgE binding proteins specific for adult C. bicinctus, a popular species in Korea. Specific IgE antibodies in sera collected from the participants against the extracts were tested using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: The average IgE-positive rates were 10.4%, 8.1%, and 8.2% in C. bicinctus, C. flaviplumus, and C. kiiensis, respectively. The IgE-positive rate and IgE titer of C. bicinctus antigen were higher in residents living around installed dams than in those who lived other places (P = 0.013). Western blotting using sera having high IgE titers to C. bicinctus in ELISA showed the presence of a protein of approximately 42 kDa that was homologous to the actin protein isoform in C. bicinctus extracts as demonstrated using mass spectrometry. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that people living near installed dams were more sensitized to C. bicinctus and that the 42 kDa IgE-binding protein could be useful for further studies on chironomid allergic disease and clinical applications.
Actins ; Adult ; Allergens ; Antibodies ; Blotting, Western ; Chironomidae ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Galectin 3 ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Immunoglobulin E ; Immunoglobulins ; Korea ; Mass Spectrometry ; Ponds ; Pyroglyphidae ; Rivers

PURPOSE: Drowning is the second most common cause of accidental death in children, exceeded only by motor vehicle accidents. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the prognostic factors of near-drowning in children, such as age, sex, season, site of submersion, and initial clinical or laboratory manifestrations, and to formulate preventive strategies for decreasing injuries by drowning. METHODS: Sixty-one near-drowning children who were admitted to Gyeongsang National Hospital from January, 1988 to August, 1996, were identified. A review of the medical charts provided information concerning the submersion accidents. RESULTS: Boys had a greater risk of submersion than girls (m=42, F=19). The peak age of 1 to 4 years is consistent with the known propensity of toddlers for accidents. Submersion occurred 21 in the sea, 14 in rivers, 7 in bathtubs, 6 in puddles, 3 in ponds, 3 in swimming pools, 2 in valleys, 2 in water tanks, 2 in Korean classic toilets, and 1 in well. There were differences in the concentrations of electolytes between fresh and salt water submersion. Near-drowning occurred most commonly in summer, but it could be observed all the year round, because of the geographical factor of Chinju. Among 61 cases, 49 cases recovered without significant neurologic sequalae and 12 cases died or survived with severe anoxic encephalopathy. Poor prognostic factors were Glasgow coma scale (GCS) less than 5, body temperature less than 36.0degrees C, initial arterial pH less than 7.10, serum glucose over 300mg/dL, AST and/or ALT over 50IU/L, presence of early convulsion, presence of chest X-ray abnormalities, and need for an artificial ventilation. CONCLUSIONS: Childhood near-drowning accidents are more frequently observed in Chinju than expected in any other province of Korea. We found that known poor prognostic factors for death or severe neurologic sequalae also were operating in our study population. Preventive measures against drowning and near-drowning through school and local education programs seems to be the most important strategy. If submersion victim is found, a quick appropriate extensive cardiopulmonary resuscitation is important to prevent the death or neurologic sequalae.
Blood Glucose ; Body Temperature ; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ; Child ; Drowning ; Education ; Female ; Glasgow Coma Scale ; Gyeongsangnam-do* ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Hypoxia, Brain ; Immersion ; Korea ; Motor Vehicles ; Near Drowning* ; Ponds ; Prognosis ; Rivers ; Seasons ; Seizures ; Swimming Pools ; Thorax ; Ventilation ; Water