PURPOSE: For the production and evaluation of the tissue-equivalent phantom. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used agarous gel and oil as a basic component of the mixture and added Tween 80 for the stabilization of phantoms. We did the test for homogeneity and measured T1 and T2 relexation times of each phantom tube. RESULTS: T1 relaxation time ranged from 642 to 2781 msec and T2 relaxation times from 42 to 157 msec. Each phantom was significantly different in T1 relaxation time and T2 relaxation time (p < .0001). CONCLUSION: Tissue equivalent phantom may provide good information on the optimal sequence before MR imaging of patients and may be valuable if it is used with the patients' MR imaging.
Agar ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Polysorbates ; Relaxation

A study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity (AOA) of traditional medication by determining the iodine index of Tween 80 in tentative samples (with the extraction of traditional medication) and control samples (without the extraction of traditional medication). It should not apply the spectrometry to evaluate the AOA of these medication because of their complicated chemical components, especially chromatic compounds which interfere the photic density
Antioxidants ; Medicine ; Medicine, Traditional ; Iodine ; Polysorbates

Scopoletin is a coumarin compound with various biological activities including detumescence and analgesic, insecticidal, antibacterial and acaricidal effects. However, interference with scopolin and other components often leads to difficulties in purification of scopoletin with low extraction rates from plant resource. In this paper, heterologous expression of the gene encoding β-glucosidase An-bgl3 derived from Aspergillus niger were carried out. The expression product was purified and characterized with further structure-activity relationship between it and β-glucosidase analyzed. Subsequently, its ability for transforming scopolin from plant extract was studied. The results showed that the specific activity of the purified β-glucosidase An-bgl3 was 15.22 IU/mg, the apparent molecular weight was about 120 kDa. The optimum reaction temperature and pH were 55 ℃ and 4.0, respectively. Moreover, 10 mmol/L metal ions Fe²⁺ and Mn²⁺ increased the enzyme activity by 1.74-fold and 1.20-fold, respectively. A 10 mmol/L solution containing Tween-20, Tween-80 and Triton X-100 all inhibited the enzyme activity by 30%. The enzyme showed affinity towards scopolin and tolerated 10% methanol and 10% ethanol solution, respectively. The enzyme specifically hydrolyzed scopolin into scopoletin from the extract of Erycibe obtusifolia Benth with a 47.8% increase of scopoletin. This demonstrated that the β-glucosidase An-bgl3 from A. niger shows specificity on scopolin with good activities, thus providing an alternative method for increasing the extraction efficiency of scopoletin from plant material.
Aspergillus niger/genetics* ; beta-Glucosidase/chemistry* ; Scopoletin ; Polysorbates ; Coumarins

BACKGROUND: There are several media for culture of Malassezia spp., such as Leeming & Notman (LN) medium, modified Leeming & Notman (mLN) medium, Dixon's medium and modified Dixon's medium etc. It is known that Malassezia spp. grow well in these media in general, but the kind and amounts of their ingredients are various and un-uniform according to researchers. Author propose the new and transparent BHI based medium for the optimal growth of Malassezia spp. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to design the simple and transparent BHI based medium and find essential ingredients for the growth of M. globosa and M. obtusa. METHODS: The colony size of eight standard strains (M. dermatis, M. furfur, M. globosa, M. japonica, M. obtusa, M. sloofiae, M. sympodialis, M. yamatoensis) on the modified BHI (mBHI) agar media with different ingredients was observed by naked eye after seven day culture. The compositions of mBHI medium were as follows; mBHI-1 was supplemented with 0.7% dextrose, 1.5% Tween 80, 1% glycerol to BHI medium, mBHI-2 was supplemented with 1.5% Tween 40 to mBHI-1 instead of Tween 80, mBHI-3 was supplemented with 1.5% Tween 60 to mBHI-1 instead of Tween 80, mBHI-4 was added with 0.8% bile salts to mBHI-1. mBHI-5 was supplemented with 1.5% Tween 60 to mBHI-4 instead of Tween 80, and mBHI-6 was supplemented with 1.5% Tween 40 to mBHI-4 instead of Tween 80. pH of six mBHI media was all adjusted to 6.5. RESULTS: M. furfur & M. japonica were grown well on mBHI-1 agar, but M. globosa & M. obtusa were not grown and others grown poorly. M. globosa & M. obtusa were not grown on mBHI-1 & mBHI-4 containing Tween 80 as lipid source, but others grown on all mBHI media. The media that all eight Malassezia strains grew well were slightly turbid mBHI-5 & transparent mBHI-6 medium. CONCLUSIONS: M. globosa & M. obtusa need glycerol and bile salts as well as Tween 60 or 40 instead of Tween 80 for growth. M. furfur & M. japonica need not bile salts for growth. Author proposes the transparent modified BHI medium supplemented with 0.7% dextrose, 1.5% Tween 40, 1% glycerol and 0.8% bile salts (mBHI-6) as new standard medium for culture of eight Malassezia species.
Agar ; Bile Acids and Salts ; Glucose ; Glycerol ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Malassezia* ; Polysorbates

This study was done on 171 volunteers in order to investigate the present status of cutaneous normal flora of Candida species and the distribution of Candida species on the normal human skin in dermatologic clinic of Korea University Hospital from January, ]984 to December, 1984. Among the 171 volunteers, 115 strains of Candida species were identified by culture on the Sabouraud's dextrose agar media, germ tube test, sugar assimilation test, sugar fermentaion test and culture on corn meal with Tween 80 media, The results were summarized as follows: 1. The incidence of cutaneous normal flora of Candida species was 13, 5,5 (115 species among 855 sites) 2. Candida species were distributed in oral cavity(45 species), 4th interdigital toe web(39 species), groin(12 species), axilla(11 species) and 4th interdigital finger web(8 species) in order of frequency. 3, Of ll5 species, 45 species were cultured in summer, 27 species in autumn, 18 species in winter and 14 species in spring. 4 Of 115 Candida species, C. albicans(88 species), C. parapsilosis(12 species), C, tropicalis(8 species), C. guilliermondii(3 species) and C. stellatoidea(2 species) were identified. Two species could not be identified.
Agar ; Candida* ; Fingers ; Glucose ; Humans* ; Incidence ; Korea ; Meals ; Polysorbates ; Skin* ; Toes ; Volunteers ; Zea mays

BACKGROUND: Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is characterized by the structural miniaturization of androgen-sensitive hair follicles in susceptible individuals and is anatomically defined within a given pattern of the scalp. Oral finasteride and topical minoxidil are the only drugs whose effect and safety were demonstrated and approved by the FDA. However, the treatment result of these medications are not always satisfactory. Here, we report the result of a clinical trial of the new topical agent, Scalp med(R) to patients with AGA. OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to test Scalp med(R), the solution including minoxidil, retinol, polysorbate 80 and phytosterol in the treatment of AGA. METHODS: Included in this study were males between the ages of 20 and 60 years, in good health, with mild to moderate AGA. Efficacy was evaluated by terminal hair count per 1 cm2 and hair thickness. RESULTS: The results of this clinical trial showed a highly positive response to treatment. After 24 weeks of treatment, a significant improvement in hair count and hair thickness was demonstrated in all the patients. CONCLUSION: This clinical study establishes the effectiveness and safety of Scalp med(R) in the treatment of AGA.
Alopecia ; Finasteride ; Hair ; Hair Follicle ; Humans ; Male ; Miniaturization ; Minoxidil ; Polysorbates ; Scalp ; Vitamin A

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the sensitization effect of polysorbate 80 and polysorbate 80 contained Houttuynia cordata Injection in different concentrations on Beagle.

METHODSBeagles, a kind of animal highly sensitive to sensitizing agents, were randomly divided into 18 groups, 3 in each group. They received respectively the intravenous infusion of polysorbate 80 made by different factories in different concentrations (0.25%, 0.10%, 0.05%), and Houttuynia cordata Injection containing polysorbate 80 in concentration of 0.25% or 0.30%, with the constant infusing speed of 5 mL/min and volume of 10 mL/kg. Changes of animals' condition were observed before infusion and in the 24 h after infusion, time of symptom appearance and disappearance was recorded, and the grade of response was determined. Moreover, blood samples of animals were collected before infusion and 10 min after ending infusion for measuring histamine content in plasma using ELISA. Then the sensitization effect was comprehensively estimated by combined consideration of the responding grade and histamine level.

RESULTSNo typical symptom of anaphylactoid reaction and over 1-fold increase of histamine level was found in all groups that received intravenous infusion of polysorbate 80 or polysorbate 80 contained Houttuynia cordata Injection in different concentrations. Estimation showed that all test solutions didn't induce typical anaphylactoid reaction on Beagle.

CONCLUSIONSConsidering both the appearance of symptoms and the elevation of blood content of histamine could be taken as the criteria for comprehensive diagnosis of anaphylactoid reactions. The solubilization effect and safety (for foreclose anaphylactoid reaction) of polysorbate 80 could be ensured by controlling its quality and concentration below 0.25% or 0.30%.

Anaphylaxis ; chemically induced ; Animals ; Dogs ; Houttuynia ; adverse effects ; Injections ; Polysorbates ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects

Polysorbate 80 for injection accessories is one of the main reactions of clinical adverse to which may be leaded by a variety of traditional Chinese medicine injection. In this review, on the basis of literature research and experimental studies, polysorbate 80 are summarized in areas which conclude the chemical structure, basic nature,quality standards, pharmacological activity, safety evaluation and toxicity studies. The review aimed to provide theoretical basis for the rational selections of Chinese medicine, safe and efficient usages of injection accessories, and to promote healthy development of traditional Chinese medicine injections.
Animals ; Humans ; Injections ; Polysorbates ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects ; pharmacokinetics ; pharmacology ; Quality Control ; Toxicity Tests

OBJECTIVETo investigate the safety of different level of tween 80 by comparing the degree of pseudoanaphylactoid reactions (PR) induced by medicinal tween 80 and injectable tween 80.

METHODThe analysis of vascular permeability of the mice ears: ICR mouse were divided into different test groups, the mice were intravenously injected with solutions of medicinal tween 80 and injectable tween 80 with 0.2%, 1% and 5% concentration, positive control Compound 48/80 and 5% glucose injection. All test substances were mixed with 0.4% Evans blue. The reaction and vascular permeability of the ears were observed and measured 30 min after injection. The analysis of vascular permeability of the rat's skin: the rats were intravenous injected with 0. 6% Evans blue normal saline solution first, 10 minutes later, the same substances were intradermal administrated into the back of rats. The rats were sacrificed and the diameter of locus ceruleus and the content of Evans blue leak out were measured 20 min after injection.

RESULTMedicinal tween 80 and injectable tween 80 with 5% concentration caused obvious vascular hyper permeability in ICR mice, but the degree of vascular hyperpermeability caused by injectable tween 80 was lighter than by medicinal tween 80. Other tween 80 didn't cause obvious vascular hyper permeability in the ears of mouse. The solution of different concentration of tween 80 caused obvious locus ceruleus reaction in rat's back. As for the content Evans blue leak out, there was no statistical significance between each group except positive control Compound 48/80 group.

CONCLUSIONTween 80 can cause obvious vascular hyper permeability and the effect is dose dependent, which indicated that tween 80 can cause PR. On the other hand, injectable tween 80 is more security than medicinal tween 80, the dosage of tween 80 should be still controlled strictly so that to decrease the incidence of PR.

Anaphylaxis ; chemically induced ; Animals ; Injections ; methods ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Polysorbates ; toxicity ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar

Tacrolimus and cyclosporine have been used in various formulations, but their hypersensitivity reactions are rare in practice. Castor oil derivatives are nonionic surfactants used in aqueous preparations of hydrophobic active pharmaceutical ingredients. Castor oil derivatives that can be used as additives to tacrolimus and cyclosporine may play a role in the development of hypersensitivity reactions, especially anaphylaxis. Various immunologic and nonimmunologic mechanisms have been implicated in hypersensitivity reactions induced by castor oil derivatives. Physicians should be aware that not only the drug itself, but also its additives or metabolites could induce hypersensitivity reactions. We report a case of anaphylaxis caused by vitamin K (phytonadine), serotonin antagonist (granisetron), intravenous tacrolimus, and cyclosporine. Interestingly, the patient tolerated oral cyclosporine, which did not contain Cremophor EL or polysorbate 80.
Anaphylaxis ; Castor Oil ; Cyclosporine ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Polysorbates ; Serotonin ; Surface-Active Agents ; Tacrolimus ; Vitamin K