Three different origins of Anoectochilus roburghii were used as experimental materials to study the effect of three different substrate( peat soil-river sand-peanut shell) radio on survival rate,plant height,stem diameter,plant fresh weight,root number,the longest root length,root diameter,and the contents of polysaccharide,flavonoids,and polyphenol. The results showed that when the substrate ratio was 4 ∶2 ∶2,the survival rate of A. roburghii from different origins was the highest,and the plant height,stem diameter,plant fresh weight,the longest root length and root diameter were also the largest. The cultivation substrate had no significant effect on the polysaccharide content of A. roxburghii and A. formosanus. When the substrate ratio was 4 ∶ 2 ∶ 2,the polysaccharide content of A.chapaensis was significantly lower than that of the other two combinations. When the substrate ratio was 4 ∶2 ∶1,the flavonoid content of A. formosanus was higher than that of the other two combinations. When the substrate ratio was 4 ∶2 ∶2,A. formosanus and A. chapaensis had higher polyphenol content.
Flavonoids ; analysis ; Orchidaceae ; chemistry ; growth & development ; Polyphenols ; analysis ; Polysaccharides ; analysis

OBJECTIVETo establish a method for analyzing the content of total polyphenols in leaves of Jatropha curcas. L.

METHODSGallic acid was used as reference substance, the content of total polyphenols was analyzed Folin-Ciocalteu chromatometry.

RESULTSThere was a good linearity for gallic acid in the range of 0.002-0.010 g.L(-1). The content of total polyphenols in the leaves of Jatropha curcas. L was approximately 6.74% with RSD 0.75%. The sample solution was stable during 10-90 min with RSD 0.28%. The precision RSD was 0.23% and the average recovery 99.85% (n=5).

CONCLUSIONThis method is simple, fast and reproducible.

Euphorbiaceae ; chemistry ; Plant Leaves ; chemistry ; Polyphenols ; analysis ; isolation & purification

OBJECTIVEThis study was designed to investigate the nutraceutical potential of monofloral Indian mustard bee pollen (MIMBP).

METHODSThe nutritional value of MIMBP was examined in terms of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and energy value. Its chemical composition in terms of total polyphenol and flavonoid content was determined. MIMBP was screened for free flavonoid aglycones by developing and validating a high-performance liquid chromatography-photo diode array (HPLC-PDA) method. MIMBP was analyzed for in vitro antioxidant effect in terms of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity.

RESULTSMIMBP was found to be comprised of proteins ((182.2±5.9) g/kg), fats ((137.7±6.8) g/kg) and carbohydrates ((560.6±17.4) g/kg), which result in its high energy value ((17 616.7±78.6) kJ/kg). MIMBP was found to contain polyphenols ((18 286.1±374.0) mg gallic acid equivalent/kg) and flavonoids ((1 223.5±53.1) mg quercetin equivalent/kg). The HPLC-PDA analysis revealed the presence of kaempferol ((65.4±0.5) mg/kg) and quercetin ((51.4±0.4) mg/kg) in MIMBP, which can be used as markers for determining the quality of bee pollen. The MIMBP extract showed DPPH free radical-scavenging activity with a half maximal inhibitory concentration of 54.79 μg/mL.

CONCLUSIONThe MIMBP was found to be a rich source of nutrients providing high caloric value, which makes it a candidate for a potential nutraceutical agent. The study also illustrated the high antioxidant content of MIMBP, especially in the principle polyphenols and flavonoids, which suggests its potential role in the prevention of free radical-implicated diseases. The DPPH-scavenging effect of MIMBP further confirmed its antioxidant potential. Additionally, we developed a simple, specific and accurate HPLC-PDA method for the identification and quantification of free flavonoid aglycones. This can be applied in future screenings of the quality of pollen collected by honeybees.

Animals ; Bees ; chemistry ; Dietary Supplements ; analysis ; Free Radical Scavengers ; analysis ; Mustard Plant ; chemistry ; Plant Extracts ; analysis ; Pollen ; chemistry ; Polyphenols ; analysis

The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of the salvianolic acids reference extract for quality control for Salvia miltiorrhiza and salvianolic acids for injection. An Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18( 4. 6 mm×250 mm,5 μm) column was used with mobile phase consisting of 0. 1% formic acid-water and 0. 1% formic acid-acetonitrile in gradient elution procedure. The column temperature was 30 ℃; the flow rate was 1 m L·min-1; and the detection wavelength was 288 nm. The content of rosmarinic acid,lithospermic acid and salvianolic acid B in S. miltiorrhiza was determined by using the salvianolic acids reference extract as control substance. The content of caffeic acid,salvianolic acid E,rosmarinic acid,lithospermic acid,salvianolic acid B,and salvianolic acid Y in the salvianolic acids for injection was also determined. The linear relationship between chemicals was good( r>0. 998 9),and the injection precision RSD was 0. 30%-0. 90%. The sexual RSD is between 1. 4% and 3. 0%,and the RSD of the reproducibility of the extract is between 2. 1% and 5. 2%. The recovery rate of the three components in S. miltiorrhiza was 96. 80%-99. 20%,and the recovery rate of the six components in salvianolic acids for injection was 88. 90%-107. 5%. The solution of S. miltiorrhiza and salvianolic acids for injection were stable within 48 h. A total of 8 batches of S. miltiorrhiza and injection were determined by the reference extract,and the difference was smaller than that measured by the monomer control. This study preliminarily verified that the salvianolic acids reference extract can be used as a substitute for the monomer control for the quality control of S. miltiorrhiza and salvianolic acids for injection.
Alkenes/analysis* ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/standards* ; Polyphenols/analysis* ; Quality Control ; Reproducibility of Results ; Salvia miltiorrhiza/chemistry*

This study aims to investigate the relationship between odor and contents of the chemical compounds in Lonicera japonica, including chlorogenic acid, galuteolin and polyphenols. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was applied to determine the contents of chlorogenic acid and galuteolin in L. japonica. The ponptent of polyphenols was determined by UV-Vis Spectrophotometry. Electronic nose was used to extract and measure the odor of L. japonica. Then SPSS 17.0 software was employed for data processing. There is a significant positive correlation between the comprehensive index value of aroma and the contents of chlorogenic acid and polyphenols. The regression equations have been established. However, the relationship between the comprehensive index value and the content of galuteolin is not obvious. This is proof that the odor of L. japonica has close connection with the chemical compounds. Therefore, this research offered a new method for initially determine or predict the content of the chemical composition in L. japonica,
Chlorogenic Acid ; chemistry ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Electronic Nose ; Lonicera ; chemistry ; Odorants ; analysis ; Polyphenols ; chemistry ; Smell

The relationship of nutrients and microorganisms in soils with polyphenols and total flavonoids of Houttuynia cordata were investigated by measuring nutrients, enzyme activity, pH, concentrations of microbe phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) in soils, and determining concentrations of polyphenols and total flavonoids of H. cordata. The research is aimed to understand characteristics of the planting soils and improve the quality of cultivated H. cordata. The soils at different sample sites varied greatly in nutrients, enzyme activity, pH, microbic PLFAs and polyphenols and all flavonoids. The content of total PLFAs in sample sites was following: bacteria > fungi > actinomyces > nematode. The content of bacteria PLFAs was 37.5%-65.0% at different sample sites. Activities of polyphenol oxidease, concentrations of available P and content of PLFAs of bacteria, actinomyces and total microorganisms in soils were significantly and positively related to the concentrations of polyphenols and total flavonoids of H. cordata, respectively (P < 0.05) . The Content of fungi PLFAs in soils was significantly and negatively related to concentrations of polyphenols and total flavonoids of H. cordata, respectively (P < 0.05). This study provides evidence that effectiveness of the soil nutrient, which may be improved due to transformation of soil microorganisms and enzymes to N and P in the soils, was beneficial to adaptation of H. cordata adapted to different soil conditions, and significantly affects metabolic accumulation of polyphenols and flavonoids of H. cordata.
Bacteria ; metabolism ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; metabolism ; Fatty Acids ; metabolism ; Flavonoids ; analysis ; metabolism ; Fungi ; metabolism ; Houttuynia ; chemistry ; metabolism ; microbiology ; Phospholipids ; metabolism ; Polyphenols ; analysis ; metabolism ; Soil ; chemistry ; Soil Microbiology

Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge) hairy roots were obtained by infecting Danshen leaves with Agrobacterium rhizogenes 9402. Besides rosmarinic acid (RA) and salvianolic acid B (SAB), the hairy root could also produce salvianolic acid K (SAK), salvianolic acid L, ethyl salvianolic acid B (ESAB), methyl salvianolic acid B (MSAB), and a compound with a molecular weight of 538 (compound 538) identified by using LC-MS. Effects of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and yeast elicitor (YE) on the accumulation of these compounds had been investigated. MeJA increased the accumulation of SAB, RA, SAK, and compound 538 from 4.21%, 2.48%, 0.29%, and 0.01% of dry weight to 7.11%, 3.38%, 0.68%, and 0.04%, respectively. YE stimulated the biosynthesis of RA from 2.83% to 5.71%, but depressed the synthesis of SAB, SAK and compound 538. It was indicated in all the results that these Danshen hairy roots could be used as alternative resources to produce salvianolic acids. Analysis of the content variation of these compounds after elicitation suggested that SAK and compound 538 might be the intermediates in the biosynthesis from RA to SAB in Danshen hairy roots.
Acetates ; pharmacology ; Alkenes ; analysis ; Benzofurans ; analysis ; Cinnamates ; analysis ; Cyclopentanes ; pharmacology ; Depsides ; analysis ; Oxylipins ; pharmacology ; Phenylpropionates ; analysis ; Plant Growth Regulators ; pharmacology ; Plant Roots ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Polyphenols ; analysis ; biosynthesis ; Salvia miltiorrhiza ; chemistry ; Yeasts ; chemistry

This paper reiviewed the current situation of quality control of grape seed extract in domestic and international market. Considering the fact that there is no national or industrial technical specifications established for the extract product, the authors suggested that two sets of quality specifications should be established for the grape seed extract. The two sets of specifications are: the high purity grape seed extract should contain polyphenol NLT 95%, monomer NLT 10%; and the grape seed extract with ordinary quality should have a procyanidolic value NLT 95, and monomer NLT 6%.
Antioxidants ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; standards ; Biflavonoids ; analysis ; isolation & purification ; Catechin ; analysis ; isolation & purification ; Flavonoids ; analysis ; isolation & purification ; Phenols ; analysis ; isolation & purification ; Plant Extracts ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; standards ; Polyphenols ; Proanthocyanidins ; analysis ; isolation & purification ; Quality Control ; Seeds ; chemistry ; Vitis ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo investigate the relationship between hepatic lipase activity and fatty degeneration of hepatocytes and explore the effects of tea polyphennols (TP) on the changes of hepatic lipase (HL) activity in rabbits with fatty liver.

METHODSAccording to serum cholesterol and triglyceride (TC) levels, 19 rabbits were divided into fatty liver group (FL, n=6) fed with high cholesterol diet, TP group (n=7) fed with high cholesterol diet and 20mug/g/d tea polyphennols everyday orally, control group (n=6) fed with normal diet. After 8 weeks, the levels of serum TC, HL activity, HL activity and malondildehyde (MDA) in hepatic tissue were detected, and the pathomorphology of hepatic tissue were determined in all rabbits.

RESULTSThe fatty degeneration of hepatocyts in FL group was more severe than that in TP and control group. The serum TC level in TP group (16.87 6.58) mmol/L was higher than that (1.11 0.82) mmol/L in control group (t=5.786, p<0.05), but lower than that (28.49 5.99) mmol/L in FL group (t=3.968, p<0.05). The serum low density lipoprotein-cholesterol level in Tp group (5.10 4.19) mmol/L also higher than that (0.71 1.14) mmol/L in control group (t=3.763, p<0.05), but lower than that (12.15 1.95) mmol/L in FL group (t=2.478, p<0.05). The number of positive dots presenting HL activity level in 100 square micron, hepatic tissue in TP group (3.24 0.17) was higher than that (1.76 0.10) in FL group (t=-3.153, p<0.05), but lower than that (4.14 0.05) in control group (t=-2.902, p<0.05). The levels of MDA in hepatic tissue in TP group (44.66 26.18) nmol/mg was significantly lower than that (75.58 29.88) nmol/mg in FL group (t=2.261, p<0.05), but no evidently different from that (43.64 16.95) nmol/mg in control group. The plasma HL activity was no difference among the three groups.

CONCLUSIONThe HL activity in hepatic tissue with fatty degeneration of hepatocytes was lower than that in normal liver. Tea polyphennols can increase HL activity in hepatic tissue and protect hepatocytes from fatty degeneration.

Animals ; Fatty Liver ; blood ; enzymology ; pathology ; Flavonoids ; Lipase ; metabolism ; Lipids ; blood ; Liver ; enzymology ; metabolism ; pathology ; Male ; Malondialdehyde ; analysis ; Phenols ; pharmacology ; Polymers ; pharmacology ; Polyphenols ; Rabbits ; Tea

To determine the chemical composition of Galla chinensis extract (GCE) by several analysis techniques and to compare the efficacy of GCE and its main component(s) in inhibition of enamel demineralization, for the development of future anticaries agents, main organic composition of GCE was qualitatively determined by liquid chromatography-time of flight-mass spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS) and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). Inorganic ions were tested by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy and F was especially measured by ion chromatography. Then, bovine enamel blocks were randomly divided into four treatment groups and were subjected to a pH-cycling regime for 12 times. Each cycle included 5-min applications with one of four treatments: 4 g⋅L(-1) GCE solution, 4 g⋅L(-1) gallic acid (GA) solution, 1 g⋅L(-1) NaF solution (positive control), deionized water (DDW, negative control), and then 60-min application in pH 5.0 acidic buffer and 5-min application in neutral buffer. Acidic buffers were retained for calcium analysis. The main organic composition of GCE were GA and its isomer, and, to a lesser extent, small molecule gallotannins. The content of GA in GCE was 71.3%±0.2% (w/w). Inorganic ions were present in various amounts, of which Ca was (136±2.82) µg⋅g(-1), and Zn was (6.8±0.1) µg⋅g(-1). No F was detected in GCE. In pH cycling, GA showed an effect similar to GCE in inhibiting enamel demineralization (P>0.05). GA was found to be the main effective, demineralization inhibiting component of GCE and could be a promising agent for the development of anticaries agents.
Animals ; Calcium ; analysis ; Cariostatic Agents ; therapeutic use ; Cattle ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Dental Enamel ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; therapeutic use ; Gallic Acid ; analysis ; therapeutic use ; Hydrolyzable Tannins ; analysis ; Mass Spectrometry ; Polyphenols ; analysis ; Random Allocation ; Tooth Demineralization ; prevention & control