No abstract available.
Administration, Oral ; *Colonoscopy ; Gastric Lavage/*methods ; Humans ; Magnesium Hydroxide/*administration &dosage ; Polyethylene Glycols/*administration &dosage

Preparation for colonoscopy involves a thorough cleansing of the large bowel. Cleansing is performed using several methods, including ingestion of 4 liters of polyethylene glycol solution. However, these methods can induce hyponatremia by various mechanisms. Severe or rapidly progressing hyponatremia can result in the swelling of the brain, and the symptoms of hyponatremia are mainly neurological. Recently, we encountered a 41-year-old woman who developed acute hyponatremia with encephalopathy after undergoing bowel preparation for colonoscopy. She presented with general weakness, nausea, headache, agitation, delusions, and slurred speech one day after the ingestion of polyethylene glycol solution. Her serum sodium level was very low (110 to 115 mEq/L). Her symptoms pertaining to hyponatremia continued to persist for more than 2 days despite continuous intravenous administration of hypertonic saline for the correction of hyponatremia.
Administration, Intravenous ; Adult ; Brain ; Colonoscopy ; Delusions ; Dihydroergotamine ; Eating ; Female ; Headache ; Humans ; Hyponatremia ; Nausea ; ortho-Aminobenzoates ; Polyethylene ; Polyethylene Glycols ; Sodium

Effervescent tablets which contain an effervescent mixture of a suitable organic acid and an alkali metal bicarbonate and/or carbonate can give out carbon dioxide when they meet water. The effervescent tablets for oral solution can be dissolved in cool water about 17-20 degrees C, therefore it is convenient to carry and use. It also has a good taste for patient with deodorizing agent added. The foam produced by external effervescent tablets is usually helpful in killing the local bacteria. The review displayed the main supplementary material, preparative technique and the study development of effervescent tablets of Chinese traditional medicine. Effervescent tablets that have been used to clinic were enumerated.
Citric Acid ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; Plants, Medicinal ; Polyethylene Glycols ; Sodium Bicarbonate ; Tablets ; Technology, Pharmaceutical

Drug Carriers ; Drug Combinations ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; Poloxamer ; Polyethylene Glycols ; Solubility ; Technology, Pharmaceutical ; methods

AIMTo investigate the lattice mechanisms involved in the increased dissolution effect of polyethylene glycol (PEG 6,000) dispersion system on poorly soluble drug silymarin (SILY).

METHODSFusion method was used to prepare the solid dispersions of SILY with PEG 6,000. Evaluation of the improvement of dissolution was performed with dissolution studies in vitro. X-ray powder diffraction combined with diffraction peak pattern-fitting procedure were applied to quantitatively analyze the changes of lattice parameters. The interaction of SILY and PEG 6,000 was also determined with Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy.

RESULTSThe dissolution rate of SILY was considerably increased when formulated in solid dispersion of PEG 6,000 as compared to pure SILY. The datum from the X-ray diffraction showed the changes in the lattic spacings and particular diffraction peaks (position and the intensity) of PEG 6,000 and SILY. These could explain the increased rate of SILY released from solid dispersion system. The information of FT-IR spectroscopy showed the absence of well-defined drug-polymer interaction.

CONCLUSIONThe dissolution improvement of poorly soluble SILY from solid dispersion of PEG 6,000 can be illuminated by the changes of the lattice parameters of PEG 6,000 and the drug.

Chemistry, Pharmaceutical ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Drug Carriers ; Polyethylene Glycols ; chemistry ; Silymarin ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; Solubility

No abstract available.
Antiviral Agents/*administration & dosage ; Female ; Hepatitis C, Chronic/*drug therapy ; Humans ; Interferon-alpha/*administration & dosage ; Male ; Polyethylene Glycols/*administration & dosage ; Recombinant Proteins/administration & dosage ; Ribavirin/*administration & dosage

Chronic infection with HCV represents second most common cause of end-stage liver diseases and hepatocellular carcinoma in Korea. The introduction of new agents and regimens for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C, such as pegylated forms of interferon-alpha (Peg-IFN) and combination with oral ribavirin has resulted in substantial improvement in sustained virologic response (SVR) rates. SVR rate of Peg-IFN and ribavirin combination therapy can be 40-46% of individuals infected with genotype 1 and approximately 75-85% with genotype 2 and 3. Peg-IFN/ribavirin combination therapy represents current standard therapy of chronic hepatitis C. This article reviews the treatment objectives, outcomes, optimal regimens, efficacy and predictors of response, monitoring during treatment, adverse events, retreatment of persons who failed to respond to previous treatments, and treatment of special patient groups in chronic hepatitis C.
Drug Therapy, Combination ; English Abstract ; Hepatitis C, Chronic/*drug therapy ; Humans ; Interferon Alfa-2a/administration & dosage ; Interferon Alfa-2b/administration & dosage ; Polyethylene Glycols/administration & dosage ; Ribavirin/administration & dosage

V(E) acetate-loaded methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(lactic acid) amphiphilic diblock copolymer nano-dispersion (PMV) was prepared by self-emulsification/solvent evaporation method. The drug-loaded amount, size distribution of PMV nanoparticles, and entrapment efficiency of V(E) acetate (V(E)A) were determined by UV and laser particle analyzer. Drug release in vitro was primarily investigated by UV. The results indicate that the size of PMV nanoparticles is less than 300 nm and PMV is largely influenced by preparation methods, property of solvents, V(E)A-fed amount, and the concentration of dispersion. The initial burst release is not observed and the accumulated release is more than 79% after 14 h. This study develops a new formulation for V(E)A and provides an experimental basis for the novel drug delivery systems of V(E)A.
Delayed-Action Preparations ; chemical synthesis ; Drug Carriers ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Nanoparticles ; Polyesters ; administration & dosage ; Polyethylene Glycols ; administration & dosage ; Vitamin E ; administration & dosage

Hepatitis B e Antigens ; Hepatitis B, Chronic ; drug therapy ; immunology ; Humans ; Interferon-alpha ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Polyethylene Glycols

AIMTo investigate the preparation, shape and ultrasound triggered release characteristics of gelatin nanogel modified with fluoride anion.

METHODSAdriamycin gelatin nanogel modified with fluoride anion (ADM-FMNG) was prepared by co-precipitation with fluoride anion. The content and encapsulation rate of adriamycin were measured by HPLC method. The size and shape of ADM-FMNG were determined by electron microscope. The size and distribution of ADM-FDNG before and after sonication were measured by laser size analysis device.

RESULTSThe average diameter of ADM-FMNG was (46 +/- 12) nm. Adriamycin encapsulated rate and loading were 87.2% and 0.091 g x L(-1), respectively. 48.5% of adriamycin was released within 50 h while in vitro at 37 degrees C. Under the action of ultrasound that has the frequency of 20 kHz, 0.4 W x cm(-2) of power density and 7-8 min duration, 51. 5% of adriamycin in ADM-FMNG was released that was significantly higher than control group, the size of ADM-FMNG was changed from (46 +/- 12) nm to (1,212 +/- 35) nm and restored after ultrasound stopped for 3-4 min.

CONCLUSIONADM-FDNG system has the sensitive ultrasound triggered release characteristics.

Doxorubicin ; administration & dosage ; Drug Carriers ; Drug Delivery Systems ; Fluorides ; Gelatin ; Nanoparticles ; Particle Size ; Polyethylene Glycols ; chemistry ; Polyethyleneimine ; chemistry ; Ultrasonics