The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of genital mycoplasmas, especially Ureaplasma parvum and Ureaplasma urealyticum, in women with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS), low grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) and high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL), compared to women with normal cytology living in Katowice, Poland. Two sterile swabs were used to obtain material from the posterior vaginal fornix of 143 women with squamous intraepithelial lesions and 39 healthy women: first for general bacteriology, second for detection of urogenital mycoplasmas using Mycoplasma IST2 kit. From each positive Mycoplasma IST2 culture DNA was isolated and PCR was performed for identification of U. parvum and U. urealyticum. Mycoplasma IST was positive in 34.1% cases. Urogenital mycoplasmas were demonstrated in women with HSIL significantly more often compared to women with LSIL, ASCUS, and with normal cytology. DNA of U. parvum was demonstrated in majority of Mycoplasma IST2-positive cases, U. urealyticum DNA-only in 9 (4.9%). Predominance of 3/14 serovars of U. parvum was demonstrated. U. urealyticum biovar 2 was present more often in women with squamous intraepithelial lesions.
Adult ; Animals ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Poland/epidemiology ; Pregnancy ; Ureaplasma/*genetics ; Ureaplasma Infections/epidemiology/*microbiology ; Ureaplasma urealyticum/*genetics ; Uterine Cervical Dysplasia/*microbiology/pathology

No abstract available.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Antigens, Bacterial/analysis ; Chlamydia Infections/*diagnosis/epidemiology/microbiology ; Chlamydia trachomatis/immunology ; DNA, Viral/analysis ; Female ; Humans ; Mass Screening/*methods ; Papillomavirus Infections/*diagnosis/epidemiology/virology ; Papillomavirus, Human/genetics ; Poland/epidemiology ; Prevalence ; *Sexual Behavior ; Urban Population

Gallbladder cancer (GBC)t is highly fatal. Despite recent advances in diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, 5-year survival rate of patients with GBC is less than 5%. Most cases are diagnosed in advanced stage and the efficacy of treatment has been disappointing. In this review, an overview of epidemiology and risk factors of GBC with the focus on the recent researches of the predisposing factors is provided. Women are more frequently afflicted than men with female to male ratio of 3 to 1. Incidence of GBC varies widely depending on geography and ethnicity. The highest incidence in the world is seen in women from Chile, Poland, and northern part of India. High rate of GBC is reported in Korea. The most important risk factor for the development of GBC is cholelithiasis. The association between cholelithiasis and GBC is confirmed by many case control studies. Up to 95% of GBC are associated with gallstones. Other predisposing factors include gallbladder polyp, gallbladder wall thickening, chronic cholecystitis, porcelain gallbladder and primary sclerosing cholangitis. Dietary and environmental factors are also supposed to play various roles in the pathogenesis of GBC. However, most gallbladder cancers are diagnosed after a cholecystectomy and only a third of cases are recognized preoperatively. Therefore, early detection and referral for cholecystectomy are essential for the improvement of overall survival of patients with GBC.
Case-Control Studies ; Causality ; Chile ; Cholangitis, Sclerosing ; Cholecystectomy ; Cholecystitis ; Cholelithiasis ; Dental Porcelain ; Epidemiology ; Female ; Gallbladder Neoplasms ; Gallbladder ; Gallstones ; Geography ; Humans ; Incidence ; India ; Korea ; Male ; Poland ; Polyps ; Referral and Consultation ; Risk Factors ; Survival Rate