No abstract available.
Poland Syndrome* ; Poland*

No abstract available.
Poland Syndrome* ; Poland*

The combined congenital malformation of partiaI or complete absence of the pectoralis main muscle and webbing of the fingers, on the same side, was first described by Poland in 1841. The syndrome is not hereditary and is of unknown origin and is affects male more frequently than female. The clinical features are variable but always include congenital aplasia of the stemorostal head of the pectoralls major muscle and syndactyly. The syndectely should be treated by the age of one year and complened before the preschool age. A case of Poland's syndrome is presented with a brief review of literatures.
Female ; Fingers ; Head ; Humans ; Male ; Poland Syndrome ; Poland ; Syndactyly

Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Poland Syndrome

Poland's syndrome is a congenital and unilateral aplasia of the pectoralis major muscle with other anomalies of the ipsilateral upper extremity. It was first described in 1841 by Alfred Poland. The syndrome is not hereditary and its origin is unknown. The clinical features are various but all patients have absence of at least the sternal head of the pectoralis major muscle. We present 2 cases in which the only clinical expression was asymmetry of the breasts associated with complete or partial absence of the pectoralis major and minor muscles.
Breast ; Head ; Humans ; Muscles ; Poland ; Upper Extremity

PURPOSE: Familial pancreatic cancer describes families with at least two first-degree relatives with pancreatic cancer that do not fulfil the criteria of other inherited tumor syndromes with increased risks of pancreatic cancer. Although much has been learned regarding the aggregation of pancreatic cancer in some families, the genetic basis for this familial aggregation is poorly understood. This study evaluated the prevalence of 10 Polish founder mutations in four genes among individuals from families with diagnosed familial pancreatic cancer syndrome and assessed their possible association with the familial pancreatic cancer (FPC) risk in Poland. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, 400 FPC individuals and 4,000 control subjects were genotyped for founder mutations in BRCA1 (5382insC, 4153delA, C61G), CHEK2 (1100delC, IVS2+1G>A, del5395, I157T), NBS1 (657del5), and PALB2 (509_510delGA, 172_175delTTGT) genes. RESULTS: A statistically significant association was observed between the 172_175delTTGT mutation of the PALB2 gene and an increased risk of FPC syndrome (odds ratio [OR], 10.05; p=0.048). In addition, an increased risk of cancer was observed in the FPC family members with a BRCA1 mutation (OR, 6.72; p=0.006). Novel associations were found between the FPC family members with cancer and CHEK2 mutations (OR, 2.26; p=0.008) with a noticeable contribution of the missense variant, I157T of CHEK2 (OR, 2.17; p=0.026). CONCLUSION: The founder mutations in the genes, BRCA1, PALB2, and CHEK2, cause a small percentage of familial pancreatic cancer syndrome in the Polish population. Following confirmation in larger studies, these mutations can be added to the panel of genes to be tested in families with a diagnosis of FPC syndrome.
Diagnosis ; Genes, BRCA1 ; Humans ; Pancreatic Neoplasms* ; Poland ; Prevalence*

BACKGROUNDSince its first description in 1841, numerous variations and treatments of Poland's syndrome (congenital deficiency of the pectoralis major muscle associated with brachysyndactyly) have been reported. None of the reports, however, involved female Chinese patients.

METHODSA retrospective study of 24 female patients was conducted to guide the selection of methods of surgical reconstruction. The patients were divided into three groups according to the degree of thoracic tissue development. Type I (mild): Limited tissue loss which can be treated with simple filling with autologous fat and/or an artificial breast implant. Type II (moderate): Moderate thoracic tissue hypoplasia where the breast parenchyma can still offer adequate implant coverage. Mammoplasty using a latissimus dorsi muscular flap with an implant was performed in this group. The flap was used to fill the infraclavicular hollow, and the implant was placed in the dual-plane pocket. Type III (severe): Severe thoracic tissue hypoplasia, without sufficient parenchyma to offer implant coverage. A latissimus dorsi muscular flap was used to form a total submuscular pocket in which an implant was placed.

RESULTSThe numbers of Type I, II, and III patients were 15, 3, and 6, respectively. All of the flaps and injected fat demonstrated good survival. Satisfactory cosmetic results were exhibited during the follow-up period of 1 to 9 years.

CONCLUSIONSAlthough this group of patients showed varied conditions, they can be roughly divided into three types according to the degree of thoracic tissue development. In our experience, this classification is simple and useful in choosing the breast reconstruction options.

Erysiphe azaleae, a powdery mildew fungus on Rhododendron spp., was originally described from North America, and has only recently been recorded in Germany, England, Switzerland and Poland. The present paper records plentiful collections of this species from Poland, and provides additional information of its anamorphic state for taxonomic purposes.
England ; Fungi ; Germany ; North America ; Poland* ; Rhododendron ; Switzerland

Poland's syndrome which is associated with thoracic anomaly and ipsilateral syndactyly is not hereditary and is of unknown origin. It was described first Alfred Poland in 1841 year. This syndrome affects males more frequently than females. We have experienced two cases of Polands syndrome who were all male and each case revealed thoracic anomalies; abscent pectoral muscles and anterior axillary fold, pectus excavatum, and ipsilateral syndactyly with aplasia or hypoplasla of the middle phalanx.
Female ; Funnel Chest ; Humans ; Male ; Muscles ; Poland ; Syndactyly

The chest wall deformity associated with Poland's syndrome is a very rare anomaly which consists of congenital unilateral absence of the sternal head of the pectoralis major muscle and various abnormalities of the upper extremity. Other clinical features associated with Poland's syndrome include deficiency or absence of the breast and nipple, deficiency of subcutaneous fat and axillary hair, and abnormalities of costal cartilages and anterior ends of ribs. The origin remains uncertain, but is considered not to be hereditary. Poland's syndrome may pose a serious psychologic and cosmetic problem, early recognition and surgical correction may prove beneficial. A 37 year old patient with Poland's syndrome was encountered and underwent satisfactory surgical correction.
Adult ; Breast ; Cartilage ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Hair ; Head ; Humans ; Nipples ; Poland Syndrome* ; Poland* ; Ribs ; Subcutaneous Fat ; Thoracic Wall ; Upper Extremity