In 79 renal cell carcinoma analyzed by flow cytometry, 30 tumors (38%) were aneuploid stem line. 18 (60%) of these were tetraploid aneuploid while 12 (40% ) were nontetraploid aneuploid. Two or more specimens were analyzed from a single primary tumor in 34 patients and heterogeneily of ploidy status was observed in 9 (27%). A significant correlation was noted between the presence of aneuploid stem lines and high stage disease (P less than 0.02) but there was no significant correlation between ploidy status and tumor grade. There was significant survival advantage of patients with diploid tumors compared to those with aneuploid tumors in total population (P less than 0.05 ). But in multivariated analysis, only two factors. capsule invasion and lymph node involvement were independent predictors of survival and no clear survival advantage was demonstrated for patients with diploid tumors when controlled for tumor and node stage. In conclusion, considering the heterogeneity of ploidy status and the lack of independent prognostic value. we do not support widespread clinical application of flow cytometry in the management of individual patients with renal cell carcinoma.
Aneuploidy ; Carcinoma, Renal Cell* ; Diploidy ; DNA* ; Flow Cytometry ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes ; Ploidies ; Population Characteristics ; Prognosis ; Tetraploidy

Flow cytometry was used to measure the DNA content in archived paraffin-embedded human prostatic cancer tissue for 93 patients with known outcomes that presented between 1980 and 1988 Of these. 25 patients had clinically localized lesions, while 68 patients presented with advanced diseases. Fifty seven tumors (61%) contained a aneuploid stem line. The Frequency of aneuploid in creased with advancing stage and most tumors confined to the prostate gland were diploid. The degree of glandular differentiation was characterized by the Gleason sum. One-third of tumors with a Gleason sum of 2 to 4 were aneuploid. whereas 78% of tumors with a Gleason sum of 8 to 10 were aneuploid. Among aneuploid tumors. 11% were localized carcinomas. 89% were advanced status. When tumors were classified according to both DNA ploidy and degree of glandular differentiation. the subgroups of tumors with the highest and lowest degree of malignant potential became apparent. Only 27% of diploid tumors with Gleason sum of 2 to 4 were advanced tumors. but 100% of aneuploid tumors with Gleason sum of 8 to 10 were advanced tumors. The influence of DNA ploidy on survival was examined with Kaplan-Meier method and the generalized Wilcoxon test. Overall, patients with diploid tumors had a survival advantage over patients with aneuploid tumors(p<0.05) However. when adjusted for stage, glandular differentiation, the difference in survival curves for aneuploid and diploid was not significant(p>0.05). But, in patients of Stage D with intermediate grade tumors, the survival difference between diploid and aneuploid tumors were obvious. In conclusion, flow cytometry can be expected to become a valuable adjunct to clinical staging and morphologic grading (Gleason sum) in the assessment of the malignant potentials of prostatic cancer.
Aneuploidy ; Diploidy ; DNA* ; Flow Cytometry ; Humans ; Ploidies* ; Prostate* ; Prostatic Neoplasms

PURPOSE: DNA flow cytometry is a simple and easy method to assess the DNA content and the cell-cycle distribution of a tumor cell. The prognostic significance of the DNA content and the S-phase fraction in a gastric carcinoma has been controversial. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of the nuclear DNA content and the S-phase fraction in patients with a gastric carcinoma. METHODS: Between May 1995 and March 1996, 94 patients who were underwent a gastric resection for a gastric carcinoma were evaluated with DNA flow cytometry. Of them, 88 patients underwent a gastric resection with curative intent. The relationship of variable clinicopathological factors and of recurrence pattern to survival and nuclear DNA content were assessed. RESULTS: The mean age was 55 years. 55 patients (58.5%) exbitied diploidy and 39 patients (41.5%) aneuploidy. There was no relationship between the clinicopathological factors and either the ploidy pattern or the S-phase fraction. Though the recurrence and its pattern were not different between the two ploidy group (p=0.860, 0.137), diploidy tended to recur locoregionally and aneuploidy hematogenously. CONCLUSION: The ploidy pattern was a significant prognostic factor in gastric carcinomas, but should be interpreted carefully.
Aneuploidy ; Diploidy ; DNA* ; Flow Cytometry ; Humans ; Ploidies ; Prognosis ; Recurrence

Recent studies suggest the flow cytometric DNA ploidy analysis may be useful in defining the biologic behavior and prognosis in prostatic adenocarcinoma. Flow cytometric nuclear DNA ploidy analysis was used to study the relationship between DNA ploidy, clinical stage and histopathological grade in thirty two patients with prostatic adenocarcinomas diagnosed from 1987 to 1990. The incidence of aneuploidy in the total population was 18 of 32 (56.3%). The frequency of aneuploidy increased with advancing stage and 63.2% of carcinomas with distant metastases were aneuploidy. Aneuploidy was more frequent in high Gleason sum carcinomas than in low. The incidence of aneuploidy in carcinomas with high Gleason grade (Gleason sum 8 to 10) was 77.8%. comparing to 33.3% in low Gleason grade (Gleason sum 2 to 4). When carcinomas classified according to both DNA ploidy and degree of glandular differentiation, then subgroups with the highest and lowest degree of malignant potential became apparent. None of diploid tumors with low Gleason grade (Gleason sum 2 to 4) formed metastasis, but 71.4% of aneuploidy tumors with high Gleason grade (Gleason sum 8 to 10) formed metastases. The influence of DNA ploidy on survival was examined with Kaplan-Meier method and the generalized Wilcoxon test. Overall, the patients with diploid tumor had a survival advantage over patients with aneuploid tumor (p<0.05). In patients with stage C and D, there was increasing tendency of survival in diploid group. In conclusion flow cytometric determination of DNA ploidy in prostatic adenocarcinoma is correlated strongly with clinical stage and Gleason sum and can be expected to be a valuable adjunct b clinical stage and histopathological grade in the assessment of malignant potential of prostatic adenocarcinoma.
Adenocarcinoma* ; Aneuploidy ; Diploidy ; DNA* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Ploidies* ; Prognosis

Flow cytometric nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ploidy analysis was done successfully on 35 specimens of stage T1 bladder carcinoma treated with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin(BCG) between June 1986 and June 1993. The histologic tumor grading was done by the same pathologist. Of the specimens 16(46%) were DNA diploidy, 14(40%) were aneuploidy and 5(14%) were tetraploidy. In the relationship between tumor grade and ploidy, diploidy was seen in all (100%) of 5 patients with grade 1, in 13(48%) of 27 patients with grade 2. On the other hand, non-diploidy in 14(52%) of 27 patients with grade 2, and in all(100%) of 5 patients with grade 3. Mean followup period was 29 months(12-97 months). None of the patients died of tumor during the followup period. None(0%) of 16 patients with diploidy had tumor recurrence, in contrast 8(42%) of 19 patients with non-diploidy tumors recurred(p<0.05). None of the 16 patients with diploidy had progression. but 5(36%) in 14 patients with aneuploidy (5 patients(26%) in 19 patients with non-diploidy) progressed to an advanced stage(p<0.05). The DNA ploidy analysis appears to significantly contribute in the elucidation of possible future recurrence and progression in patients with stage T1 bladder carcinoma.
Aneuploidy ; Bacillus ; Diploidy ; DNA* ; Flow Cytometry ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hand ; Humans ; Neoplasm Grading ; Ploidies ; Recurrence ; Tetraploidy ; Urinary Bladder*

OBJECTIVE: It has previously been suggested that embryos developing from intracytoplasmic sperm-injected (ICSI) zygotes with three pronuclei (3PN) are endowed with a mechanism for self-correction of triploidy to diploidy. 3PN are also observed in zygotes after conventional in vitro fertilization (IVF). The parental origin, however, differs between the two fertilization methods. Whereas the vast majority of 3PN IVF zygotes are of dispermic origin and thus more likely to have two centrioles, the 3PN ICSI zygotes are digynic in origin and therefore, more likely to have one centriole. In the present study, we examine whether the parental origin of 3PN embryos correlates with the karyotype. METHODS: The karyotype of each nucleus was estimated using four sequential fluorescence in situ hybridizations-each with two probes-resulting in quantitative information of 8 different chromosomes. The karyotypes were then compared and correlated to the parental origin. RESULTS: 3PN ICSI embryos displayed a significantly larger and more coordinated reduction from the assumed initial 3 sets of chromosomes than 3PN IVF embryos. CONCLUSION: The differences in the parental origin-and hence the number of centrioles-between the 3PN IVF and the 3PN ICSI zygotes are likely to be the cause of the differences in karyotypes.
Centrioles ; Diploidy ; Embryonic Structures* ; Fertilization ; Fertilization in Vitro ; Fluorescence ; Humans ; Karyotype* ; Parents* ; Ploidies ; Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic ; Triploidy ; Zygote*

To evaluate the value of flow cytometry in cryptorchidism, the results were compared with histologic findings. The study group consisted of 22 unilateral cryptorchidism(17 prepubescents and 5 postpubescents) and 18 testes 1mm patients with hydrocele, infertility and prostatic cancer. DNA histograms of all prepubertal testes demonstrated normal pattern of 85% of cells in the diploid peek. 12% of cells in the tetraploid peek and no haploid peak in spite of three distinct pattern of the histolegical finding with respect to development of germ cells and shape of seminiferous tubule and interstitium. However, in postupubertal patients with cryptorchidsm and other diseases, DNA histograme revealed characteristic ploidy patterns of relative proportions of haploid, diploid and tetaploid sells corresponding to the histological appearances of normal testicular morphology, moderately abnormal morphology and Sertoli cell only. Flow cytometricanalysis of testis is a rapid, objective and quantitative method that may ultimately replace standard wedge biopsy due to its high degree of histological correlation in postpubertal crytorchidism.
Biopsy ; Cryptorchidism* ; Diploidy ; DNA ; Flow Cytometry* ; Germ Cells ; Haploidy ; Humans ; Infertility ; Male ; Ploidies ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; Seminiferous Tubules ; Testis ; Tetraploidy

Biological behavior of transitional cell tumors of the urinary bladder is related to many parameters, such as clinical staging, vascular invasion, expression of blood group antigens or oncogenes and DNA ploidy as well as histopathological grading. In most. however, the parameters have been evaluated separately in relation to histopathological grading or prognosis. although it is well known that biological behavior of a tumor can be predicted more reliable by analysis multiple parameters. In this study. the author tried to see the prognostic Relation ship between histopathological grading and expression of c-ras oncogene and DNA ploidy which have been defined recently. Immunohistochemical staining for c-ras oncogene products was performed in 40 cases of transitional cell tumors and positive tumor cells were estimated by light microscopy. DNA ploidy was determined by flow cytometry using the paraffin-embedded tissue. 1. By immunohistochemistry For c-ras oncogene products. the mean value of the positive cells was 35.1% in papillomas. 79.4% in grade I. 81.9% in grade X and 87.6% in grade III transitional cell carcinomas. 2. Analysis of DNA ploidy revealed diploidy in 8 and aneuploidy in 2 of 10 cases of papilloma, diploidy in 7 and aneuploidy in 3 of 10 cases of grade I diploidy in 4. tetraploidy in 1 and aneuploidy in 6 of 10 cases of grade II , diploidy in 3, tetraploidy in 1 and aneuploidy in 6 10 cases of grade III transitional cell carcinoma. In conclusion, high grade tumors showed more marked augmentation of the oncogene expression and higher incidence of DNA aneuploidy and tetraploidy, suggesting a close relationship among the histopathological grading, oncogene expression and DNA ploidy.
Aneuploidy ; Blood Group Antigens ; Carcinoma, Transitional Cell ; Diploidy ; DNA* ; Flow Cytometry ; Immunohistochemistry ; Incidence ; Microscopy ; Oncogene Proteins ; Oncogenes* ; Papilloma ; Ploidies* ; Prognosis ; Ships ; Tetraploidy ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms ; Urinary Bladder*

A total or 44 patients with superficial bladder cancer underwent flow cytometric analysis of nuclei obtained from paraffin embedded specimens(44 first and 8 recurrent). Tumors could be classified according to their DNA content as diploid or aneuploid and to the proportion of proliferating cells (S-phase fraction). The degrees of cellular differentiation were related to the DNA patterns and to S-phase fractions. And reccurence-free rates were compared according to the DNA patterns. Of the total 52 specimens, 22 (42% ) showed aneuploid DNA patterns. The majority (83.9%) of low grade tumors had diploid pattern and the majority (81%) of high grade tumors had aneuploid pattern (p<0.005). Mean S-phase fraction of tota1 52 paraffin blocks was estimated as 11.17% (S.D.: 5.75). Mean S-phase fraction by grade was estimated as 9.95% (S.D. : 5.l4) in low grade tumors and 13.89%(S.D. : 6.10) in high grade tumors (p<0.05). Five-year recurrence-free rate was 77.8% in diploid group and 29.4% in aneuploid group (p<0.005). Mean S-phase fraction of the non-recurrent tumors was 8.91% (S.D. : 3.49). and that of the recurrent tumors 14.32% (S.D. : 7.76). The above results suggest that DNA ploidy and S-phase fraction as measured flow cytometry appear to be an important prognostic factors for superficial bladder cancer. And this information may be used to plan patient treatment according to the predicted risks.
Aneuploidy ; Diploidy ; DNA* ; Flow Cytometry* ; Humans ; Paraffin ; Ploidies ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms* ; Urinary Bladder*

The correlation between deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ploidy, pathological stage and prognosis was evaluated in 18 patients, who underwent nephrectomy and proved to be renal cell carcinoma. Of them, 10 (56%) cases showed a DNA diploid pattern and 8 (44% ) cases a DNA aneuploid one. The pathologic stage and DNA ploidy. revealed aneuploid tumors in 2(29%) of 7 patients with stage pT1-2N0M0(group 1). in 2 (33%) of 6 patients with stage pT3aN0M0 (group 2) and in 4 (80%) of 5 patients with stage pT3bN02M0.(group 3) respectively. The Mean follow up period was 3.3 years. The number of the survivals more than 2 years were 12(67%). comprising 8 of diploid tumors and 4 of aneuploid tumors, suggesting that patients with diploid tumor survived longer than those with aneuploid tumor. The survivals more than 2 years in relation to pathological stage were 6 (86%) or 7 patients with group 1, 5(83%) of 6 with group 2 and 1 (20%) of 5 with group 3, respectively. The S phase fraction showed no significant difference between diploid and aneuploid tumors, but the survivals more than 2 years had significantly lower S phase fraction than those less than 2 years. The results suggest that DNA ploidy correlates with pathologic stage and prognosis. and S phase fraction may influence the prognosis independently.
Aneuploidy ; Carcinoma, Renal Cell* ; Diploidy ; DNA* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Nephrectomy ; Ploidies* ; Prognosis* ; S Phase