The quality of honeysuckle has always been an important factor in industrial development. Flowering is one of the elements for the variation of the effective components in honeysuckle. We can conveniently recognize whether the commodity is mixed with blossomed honeysuckle in the form of medicinal material. However,it is hard to identify whether the products are mixed with blossomed honeysuckle in the form of powdersince visual identification traits are missing. Therefore,this study aims to seek an effective method of odor-based distinguish for identifying the quality of honeysuckle powder in different ratios by using Heracles Ⅱ ultra-fast gas phase electronic nose.The powdered samples were prepared with flower buds and fully blooming flowers in different proportion. Gas chromatograms of the powder were obtained by HeraclesⅡ ultra-fast gas phase electronic nose. Through analyzing the data of chromatograms,we have concluded that the qualitative results of the prepared powder were almost the same,and there existed differences in the components content. Meanwhile,the hexanal odor appeared to be the critical factor in identifying honeysuckle powder quality among the flavor of all possible compounds. Also,we have applied PCA,DFA and CQ to identify and classify the variety of the powder based on the chromatogram data. Finally,it is realized that the powder was rapidly identified and classified into three grades based on the proportion of flowering honeysuckle. The predicted concentration value for the first class is less than 3,the value of is not less than 3 and less than 5 for the second class,and more than 5 for the third class. In summary,the results obtained by the study suggest that Heracles Ⅱ ultra-fast gas phase electronic nose analysis can be used as a rapid identification method for the quality of honeysuckle powder. At the same time,it can provide a reference for the quality classification of honeysuckle based on flowering degrees.
Electronic Nose ; Flowers/chemistry* ; Lonicera/chemistry* ; Odorants/analysis* ; Plant Preparations/analysis* ; Powders/analysis* ; Quality Control

This study aims to explore the evaluation model for the proficiency testing of heavy metal and harmful element residues in pharmaceuticals,and to provide reference for the proficiency testing program and proficiency testing result in the field of residue analysis. The proficiency test result of cadmium determination in honeysuckle as an example. The algorithm A,NIQR,and Horwitz function are used to calculate the assigned value and the standard deviation. Z was obtained at the same time. If | Z | ≤2,the result is satisfactory. If 2< | Z | <3,the result is questionable. If | Z | ≥3,the result is unsatisfactory. In addition,the median value is the assigned value,and deviation(D%) is used. If D% is not more than 16%,the result is satisfactory; if D% is more than 16%,the result is unsatisfactory. After analysis,in the results of questionable or dissatisfied laboratories calculated by algorithm A and NIQR,the deviation error of some data is within the scope of the standard. In the results of the satisfactory laboratory evaluated by the Horwitz function,some data deviation errors far exceed the standard range. The evaluation result of the D% meets the requirements. According to heavy metal and harmful element trace analysis methods,this study is the first to apply D% to the evaluation of the detection ability of heavy metals and harmful elements in pharmaceuticals. This method makes the evaluation result more reasonable,and has important reference significance for the evaluation of other proficiency test results.
Cadmium ; analysis ; Laboratories ; Laboratory Proficiency Testing ; Lonicera ; chemistry ; Pharmaceutical Preparations ; standards ; Plant Preparations ; standards ; Trace Elements ; analysis

This study aimed to analyze the residues of aflatoxin B_1( AFB_1) in Ziziphi Spinosae Semen from different producing areas and to assess the health risk of aflatoxin B_1 residue based on the obtained data. A total of 72 samples of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen from different areas were detected by IAC-HPLC-FLD. Based on the data of AFB_1 pollution,a probabilistic assessment model with Monte Carlo simulation was developed. Then,the risk assessment of AFB_1 exposure by Ziziphi Spinosae Semen intake was carried out by MOE( margin of exposure). The results showed that 32 out of 72 of samples( 44. 4%) were found to be contaminated with AFB_1,and the average and maximum concentration of AFB_1 in samples was 5. 42 μg·kg~(-1) and 55. 09 μg·kg~(-1),respectively. After health risk assessment,the average and 97. 5%( 90% confidence interval) exposure level of daily exposure of AFB_1 by Ziziphi Spinosae Semen intake were 0. 008 6( 0. 008 1-0. 009 2) and 0. 057 3( 0. 053 2-0. 061 4) μg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1),respectively. The results showed common use of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen had low level of risk associated with AFB_1. However,the high consumption of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen showed a higher risk than common intake,requiring attention. This study laid a foundation for clinical safe prescription of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen.
Aflatoxin B1/analysis* ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Drug Contamination ; Plant Preparations/analysis* ; Risk Assessment ; Ziziphus/chemistry*

OBJECTIVETo establish an instant determination method of emodin, aloe-emodin and rhein, from Rheum, and one of their preparations, Qinghai Wild Dahuang Tea, by micellar electrokinetic capillary electrophoresis for the first time.

METHODSeparation was carried out in an uncoated fused silica capillary (75 microm x 50.0 cm). Meanwhile, a running voltage 20 kV, 15.0 mmol x L(-1) borax buffer with 30.0 mmol x L(-1) SDS and 10% ethanol (pH 9.60) and a UV detector at 254 nm were adopted.

RESULTThe linear calibration rang was 4-120 mg x L(-1) (r = 0.992 1) for emodin, 10-200 mg x L(-1) (r = 0.997 0) for aloe-emodin, and 2-100 mg x L(-1) (r = 0.997 1) for rhein, respectively. Under the optimum conditions, the relative standard deviation (RSD) values (n = 6) for the migration time and the peak area of each peak were 0.59%-0.80%, 1.30%-3.22%, respectively. The contents of the analytes were easily determined with recoveries ranging from 97.6%-102.3%.

CONCLUSIONThe method is proved to be simple, rapid and accurate, and can be used for the quality control of medicinal herb, Rheum, and its tea preparation.

Anthraquinones ; analysis ; Chromatography, Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary ; methods ; Emodin ; analysis ; Plant Preparations ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Rheum ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo reveal the influence of harvest season and tree age on the content of taxol and 10-DAB III, and provide the basis for the harvest time of Taxus madia.

METHODBranches and leaves of the labeled 25 three-year-old plants and 25 five-year-old plants were collected every two months from March 26,2009 to January 26, 2010. Taxol and 10-DAB III content of different age and growth season of Taxus in branches were determined by HPLC.

RESULTTaxol and 10-DAB III content were significantly different in different harvesting age. The content of five-year-old plants was significantly higher than that of three-year-old plants. Taxol and 10-DAB III contents were significantly different in different harvesting season, and the highest content of taxol and 10-DAB III was 0.56, 0.32 mg x g(-1), respectively, in May.

CONCLUSIONThe May is the suitable harvest season for T. madia, but the suitable harvest age need further study which according to the main active component and biomass accumulation.

Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic ; analysis ; pharmacology ; Asteraceae ; chemistry ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Paclitaxel ; analysis ; pharmacology ; Plant Preparations ; pharmacology ; Seasons ; Taxoids ; analysis ; pharmacology ; Taxus ; chemistry ; drug effects ; Trees ; chemistry

The raw and processed roots of Plygonum multiflorum Thunb (PM) are used to treat different diseases in clinical practice. In order to clarify the influence of processing, a comparative study of chemical substance analysis was carried out. As the xenobiotics with a high enough exposure in target organs being considered as the potential effective or toxicity components, an in vivo study was also implemented to characterize the constitutes and metabolites, and meanwhile, the factor of compatibility with black bean were also considered. As a result, a total of 148 compounds were detected in PM extracts and more than 40 compounds were only detected in the processed products, which were probably new components produced during the steaming process. In in vivo study, 7 prototype components and 66 metabolites were detected or tentatively identified, 24 of which were reported for the first time. Our results indicated that processing greatly changed the chemical composition of PM and influenced the disposition of the compounds in vivo. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first global comparative study of raw and processed PM. These results expanded our knowledge about the influence of processing of PM and provided the essential data for further efficacy or toxicity studies.
Animals ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; metabolism ; Male ; Plant Preparations ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; metabolism ; Plant Roots ; chemistry ; Polygonum ; chemistry ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Spectrum Analysis

OBJECTIVETo explore the utility of Principal Factor Analysis (PFA) in chromatographic data for quality control.

METHODChromatographic fingerprints of processed root pieces of Paeonia lactiflora were determined by HPLC, the PFA was used for data processing.

RESULTThe quantitative differences among different growing areas and different processing batches were found with the method.

CONCLUSIONThe method could be used in quality control for monitoring between-batch products of traditional Chinese pharmaceutical process.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Ecosystem ; Factor Analysis, Statistical ; Hot Temperature ; Pinellia ; chemistry ; Plant Preparations ; analysis ; chemistry ; standards ; Plant Roots ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Quality Control ; Reproducibility of Results ; Technology, Pharmaceutical ; methods ; Wine

OBJECTIVETo develop and validate a HPLC-UV-ELSD method for the simultaneous determination of ginsenosides and epimedium flavonoids in rat urine after intravenous administration of Jiweiling freeze-dried powder.

METHODChromatographic separation was performed on a C18 HPLC column, with gradient elution of acetonitrile and water as mobile phase. An UV detector was used at detection wavelength of 220 nm. An evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD) was used at drift tube temperature of 80 degrees C and gas pressure of 172.4 kPa.

RESULTThe calibration curves were linear over the investigated concentration ranges with all correlation coefficients higher than 0.998. The a intra- and inter-day RSD were less than 9.1% and the relative errors were verage extraction recoveries for all compounds were between 88.67% and 101.2%. The within the range of -11.58% to 10.89%.

CONCLUSIONThe proposed method showed appropriate accuracy and selectivity and was successfully applied to the rat urine samples analysis of saponins and flavonoids after intravenous administration of Jiweiling freeze-dried powder, which may provide some references to the apprehension of the action mechanism and clinical application.

Animals ; Calibration ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Epimedium ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Flavonoids ; urine ; Ginsenosides ; urine ; Phytotherapy ; Plant Preparations ; Rats ; Saponins ; analysis ; Ultraviolet Rays

With the improvement of living standard,the theory of " medicine and food homology" has developed rapidly in the field of diet,medicine and health preservation. In recent years,many literatures have been reported on the active ingredients and pharmacological effects of medicinal and edible plants,but relatively few reports have been reported on their safety investigation. Therefore,to further evaluate the quality and safety of medicinal and edible plants,Astragali Radix,Codonopsis Radix and Laminariae Thallus were selected as our research objects in this study. Moreover,the pollution level and the potential health risk of heavy metals were deeply assessed in different types of medicinal and edible plants. Especially,the contents of chromium,copper,arsenic,cadmium,mercury and lead in these three herbs were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry( ICP-MS),and their health risk level was evaluated by target hazard coefficient method. The results showed that under the international heavy metal limit standard( ISO 18664-2015,GB 2762-2017),the over-standard rates were 25%,77% and 100% in 16 batches of Astragali Radix,26 batches of Codonopsis Radix and 9 batches of Laminariae Thallus,respectively. Besides,the values of target hazard quotients( THQ) for adults and children are 0. 028 244,0. 063 505 and 0. 014 485,0. 032 568 in Astragalus membranaceus and Codonopsis pilosula,respectively,which were higher than the standard values of 0. 02 and 0. 011 25. While,the total heavy metals THQ values for adults and children are 0. 023 734 and 0. 020 287 in Laminariae Thallus,which were much higher than the standard values of 0. 008 0 and 0. 007 5. However,the CR values of As,Cd and Pb in the three herbs were lower than 1×10~(-6). Above results indicated that those six harmful elements have certain health hazards to the exposed population,but there is no potential carcinogenic effect. It can be seen that,there were still presence of the pollution of harmful elements,and it is necessary to establish the reasonable limit standards and quality control methods of medicinal and edible plants in time.
Adult ; Astragalus propinquus ; Child ; Codonopsis/chemistry* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry* ; Humans ; Laminaria/chemistry* ; Metals, Heavy/analysis* ; Plant Preparations/chemistry* ; Plants, Edible/chemistry* ; Plants, Medicinal/chemistry* ; Risk Assessment

OBJECTIVETo study the quality and the chemical components of Chrysanthemum morifolium from Tongxiang city.

METHODChemical constituents of nine cultivars were compared in three types of index: chlorogenic acid, flavonoid and volatile oil.

RESULT AND CONCLUSIONThe content varied significantly. The content of chlorogenic acid in Jinjuerhao was 6.66%, the highest among the samples. Yizhongdabaiju showed the highest flavonoid and volatile oil with 9.49% and 3.30 mL x kg(-1) respectively.

China ; Chlorogenic Acid ; analysis ; Chrysanthemum ; chemistry ; classification ; growth & development ; Ecosystem ; Flavonoids ; analysis ; Flowers ; chemistry ; Oils, Volatile ; analysis ; Plant Preparations ; analysis ; chemistry ; standards ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; classification ; growth & development ; Quality Control ; Species Specificity