Plants synthesize certain phytoconstituents for their protection, which, because they are not of primary need, are known as secondary metabolites. These secondary metabolites of plants, have often been found to have medicinal uses for human beings. One such gymnosperm having secondary metabolites of medicinal potential for humans is Taxus wallichiana (Himalayan yew). Besides being the source of taxol, this plant has been investigated for its essential oil, diterpenoids, lignans, steroids, sterols and biflavonoids. Traditionally, it is used to treat disorders of the digestive, respiratory, nervous and skeletal systems. Although pharmacologically underexplored, it has been used for antiepileptic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antipyretic, analgesic, immunomodulatory and antimicrobial activities. The present review compiles traditional uses, phytochemical constituents (specifically the secondary metabolites) pharmacological activities and the toxicity of T. wallichiana.
Ethnopharmacology ; Humans ; Phytotherapy ; Plant Preparations ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Plant Structures ; Plants, Medicinal ; Taxus ; chemistry

Thymus daenensis Celak. is an herb endemic to Iran belonging to the Lamiaceae family. Growing in many parts of Iran, the plant is extensively used in folk medicine. This review was performed to compile phytochemical and pharmacological data of T. daenensis. Databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Scientific Information Database, Embase, IranMedex and Google Scholar were searched for the terms "Thymus daenensis" and "Avishan-e-denaii" up to 1st January 2014. Following reported ethnopharmacological uses, various T. daenensis preparations have been investigated for antimicrobial, antioxidant, insecticidal and immunomodulatory effects in recent studies. Moreover, numerous studies have been published on the composition of the herb's essential oil, focusing either on environmental parameters or preparation methods. Due to its high concentration of thymol, the plant's essential oil possesses high antimicrobial activities on human pathogenic strains. However, comprehensive studies on the toxicity and teratogenicity as well as clinical efficacy of Thymus daenensis are missing.
Anti-Infective Agents ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Antioxidants ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Ethnopharmacology ; Humans ; Phytotherapy ; Plant Preparations ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Plant Structures ; Plants, Medicinal ; Thymol ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Thymus Plant ; chemistry ; Treatment Outcome

Metabolic syndrome,a kind of clinical syndrome marked by the presence of symptoms such as hyperglycemia,dyslipidemia and hypertension,has an increasing incidence and comes to be present in younger people. More importantly,prolonged maintenance of this condition can significantly increase the incidence of chronic diseases such as diabetes,cardiovascular disease and cancer.However,the formation mechanism of metabolic syndrome is very complex and has not been fully studied and revealed. Dendrobium officinale is a traditional medicine and food substance with multiple physiological functions. In recent years,D. officinale has attracted much attention from the scholars both at home and abroad due to its functions such as improving blood lipid,lowering blood pressure and regulating blood sugar. However,there is no systematic review on the current studies about D. officinale in intervening metabolic syndrome and its underlying molecular mechanism. In this paper,the biological activity of the main active components,and the research or application status of D. officinale extract in the recent years were reviewed. Then,we analyzed the digestion,absorption and the safety and toxicity of D. officinale and its active components in the body. Finally,we summarized the effects of D. officinale and its active components on metabolic syndrome in animals and human bodies,and discussed its possible molecular mechanisms at the cellular level. This paper provides solid theoretical guidance and reliable molecular basis for further research and advanced development of D. officinale and its active components,especially for its oncoming clinical application.
Animals ; Blood Pressure ; Dendrobium/chemistry* ; Humans ; Metabolic Syndrome/drug therapy* ; Plant Preparations/pharmacology*

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the effects of aloin, cinnamic acid and 15 other kinds of natural chemicals on the activity of tyrosinase, in order to provide lightening agents in the treatment of hyperpigmentation disorders and cosmetic additives.

METHODSTyrosinase activity was estimated by measuring the oxidation rate of L-dopa. Inhibition of the enzyme was deduced according to the Lineweaver-Burk plots compared to the control.

RESULTSCadabine, paeonal, farrerol, evodin, cinnamic acid, aloin and sophorcarpidine had different levels of inhibition of tyrosinase. The inhibitory rates of cinnamic acid (2 mmol/L, 0.5 mmol/L), aloin (2 mmol/L) and the rest were significantly higher than that of hydroquinone (0.5 mmol/L) (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSTyrosinase activity can be greatly inhibited by cinnamic acid, aloin and sophorcarpidine, of which sophorcarpidine functions as an uncompetitive inhibitor, compared to aloin and cinnamic acid, which are mixed-type inhibitors.

Cinnamates ; pharmacology ; Cosmetics ; pharmacology ; Emodin ; analogs & derivatives ; pharmacology ; Enzyme Inhibitors ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Hyperpigmentation ; drug therapy ; Monophenol Monooxygenase ; antagonists & inhibitors ; Plant Preparations ; pharmacology

OBJECTIVETo study the Biological effect of seed-coating in Carthamus tinctorins.

METHODTwo kinds of seedcoating chemicals SCF1 and SCF2 were used in this experiment, the seed YM-99 and 27981-99 were coated by three kinds of ratio of seedcoating chemicals to seed. It was investigated that the germination energy and germination percentage in the room and the emergence rate, seedling stage growing, pest in the field.

RESULTSeedoating can improve the emergence rate and seedling stage growing, it also can effectively control aphid, rust and virosis during the growing period in C. tinctorins.

CONCLUSIONSeedcoating has significant biological effect in C. tinctorins.

Carthamus ; growth & development ; Delayed-Action Preparations ; Germination ; drug effects ; Pesticides ; pharmacology ; Plant Diseases ; Plant Growth Regulators ; pharmacology ; Plants, Medicinal ; growth & development ; Seeds ; growth & development

OBJECTIVETo reveal the influence of harvest season and tree age on the content of taxol and 10-DAB III, and provide the basis for the harvest time of Taxus madia.

METHODBranches and leaves of the labeled 25 three-year-old plants and 25 five-year-old plants were collected every two months from March 26,2009 to January 26, 2010. Taxol and 10-DAB III content of different age and growth season of Taxus in branches were determined by HPLC.

RESULTTaxol and 10-DAB III content were significantly different in different harvesting age. The content of five-year-old plants was significantly higher than that of three-year-old plants. Taxol and 10-DAB III contents were significantly different in different harvesting season, and the highest content of taxol and 10-DAB III was 0.56, 0.32 mg x g(-1), respectively, in May.

CONCLUSIONThe May is the suitable harvest season for T. madia, but the suitable harvest age need further study which according to the main active component and biomass accumulation.

Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic ; analysis ; pharmacology ; Asteraceae ; chemistry ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Paclitaxel ; analysis ; pharmacology ; Plant Preparations ; pharmacology ; Seasons ; Taxoids ; analysis ; pharmacology ; Taxus ; chemistry ; drug effects ; Trees ; chemistry

Matricaria chamomilla CH12 is a phytotherapeutic or homeopathic product, which has been used to reduce stress. Here, we examined its effect on preventing handling stress in bovines. Sixty Nelore calves were randomly distributed into two equal groups. One group was administered Matricaria chamomilla CH12 in diet and the other the 'control' was not. Animals in both groups were maintained unstressed for 30 days to adjust to the feeding system and pasture, and were then stressed by constraint on the 31th, 38th, 45th and 60th experimental days. Blood samples were taken on these days after animals had been immobilization in a trunk contention for 5 min. Stress was followed by analyzing serum cortisol levels. These peaked on the 45th day and then decreased, but not to baseline, on the 60th day. On the 45th day cortisol levels were significantly lower in animals fed Matricaria chamomilla CH12, suggesting that this product reduces stress. These effects may be a consequence of its inhibiting cortisol production and its calming and anxiolytic effects.
Animal Feed ; Animals ; Cattle ; Cattle Diseases/*drug therapy ; Diet ; Matricaria/*chemistry ; Plant Preparations/chemistry/*pharmacology ; Stress/drug therapy/*veterinary

Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (F. vulgare), commonly known as Fennel, is a popular medicinal plant with various pharmacological activities mentioned in traditional Iranian medicine (TIM) and modern phytotherapy such as antioxidant, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, bronchodilatory, estrogenic, diuretic, lithontripic, galactogogue, emmenagogue, antithrombotic, hypotensive, gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, memory enhancing, and antimutagenic activities. No serious adverse events were recorded after ingestion of F. vulgare except some cases of allergic reactions. The estrogenic activity of F. vulgare brings some side effects such as decrease in protein concentration and acid and alkaline phosphatase in male genital organs, increase in weight of mammary glands and reproductive organs in women and premature thelarche in girls. However, no evidence of teratogenicity was recorded, it is better not to use F. vulgare during pregnancy due to its estrogenic activity. Because of inhibition of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4), the pharmacokinetic parameters of drugs mainly metabolized by this isozyme may be affected by F. vulgare. In addition, a significant interaction between cyprofloxacin and F. vulgare was demonstrated. The aim of current paper is to review pharmacological properties, toxicity and adverse events, and drug interactions of vulgare and brings conclusive results about the use of this plant in men, women and during pregnancy.
Female ; Foeniculum ; Forecasting ; Humans ; Iran ; Male ; Medicine, Traditional ; methods ; Phytotherapy ; methods ; trends ; Plant Preparations ; pharmacology ; Plants, Medicinal ; Pregnancy

The aim of the study is to evaluate the effects of the single and mixed decoction of Thallus laminariae (kelp) and Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) on the metabolism and their difference. The mixed decoction of kelp and licorice and the single decoction were made and intragastrically administered to the SD rats. The effect on system metabolism, the toxicity of liver and kidney were assessed by GC-MS profiling of the endogenous molecules in serum, routine biochemical assays and histographic inspection of tissues from SD rats, separately. The mixed decoction of kelp and licorice induced more obvious pathological abnormalities in SD rats than a single decoction of kelp, while the extracts of licorice did not show any pathological change. Neither the mixed, nor the single decoction showed abnormal histopathology. After intragastric administration of extracts for 5 days, the mixed decoction induced a decrease of ALT (no significant change in the groups of single decoction) and an increase of BUN (so did the single decoction of kelp). Metabolomic profile of the molecules in serum revealed that the metabolic patterns were all obviously affected for the three groups, i.e., the mixed and single decoction of kelp and licorice. The rats given with the single decoction of kelp showed a similar pattern to that of the mixed decoction, indicating that the kelp primarily contributed the perturbation of metabolism for the mixed decoction. All three groups induced a decrease of branched chain amino acids, TCA cycle intermediates and glycolysis intermediates (e.g., pyruvic acid and lactic acid) and an increase of 3-hydroxybutyric acid. Kelp decoction showed stronger potential in reducing TCA cycle intermediates and glycolysis intermediates than the other two groups, while the levels of branched chain amino acids were the lowest after licorice extracts were given. These results suggested that the effect of the mixed decoction on metabolism was closely associated with both kelp and licorice. The continuous administration of single decoction of kelp and the mixed decoction of licorice and kelp resulted in pathological abnormalities in kidney of SD rats. The mixed decoction of kelp and licorice distinctly perturbed sera molecules and hence system metabolism, which showed associated with those of kelp and licorice. Although the metabolic effect was associated with both kelp and licorice, the results suggested kelp contributed to it primarily.
Animals ; Glycyrrhiza ; chemistry ; Kelp ; chemistry ; Kidney ; drug effects ; Liver ; drug effects ; Metabolomics ; Plant Preparations ; pharmacology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

ABC efflux proteins are a kind of transporters mediating diversified endogenous and exogenous efflux protein substrates across the plasma membrane by depending on the chemical energy released by ATP hydrolysis. As a vitally important functional membrane, it is widely found in various tissues and organs. The drug changes the expressions and/or functions of the transport proteins, which will affect the disposal process of substrate drugs corresponding to transporters , and finally lead to the pharmacokinetic interactions. The efflux proteins take part in the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs, and mainly consist of P-glycoprotein(P-gp), multidrug resistance associated protein(MRP) and breast cancer resistance protein(BCRP). The induction effect or inhibition effect of drugs on efflux protein plays a greatly significant role in the drug interaction produced by the compatibility of traditional Chinese medicine, which may be one of the important mechanisms of the theory of seven features of compatibility. In this article, the effects of seven features of compatibility on the ABC efflux transporters were reviewed, in order to reveal the roles of efflux protein in the herb-pairs compatibility, and provide new ideas for the mechanism and rationality of herb compatibility.
ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters ; metabolism ; Drug Interactions ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins ; metabolism ; Plant Preparations ; pharmacology