1.Comparisons of crystal form of raphides to toxicity raphides in four poisonous herbs of Araceae family.
Hao WU ; Xiuyun GE ; Hongli YU ; Lin CHEN
China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica 2010;35(9):1152-1155
OBJECTIVETo compare the crystal form with the toxicity intensitity of raphides in four poisonous herbs of Araceae family.
METHODThe four kinds of raphides were extracted and isolated from Pinellia ternate, P. pedatisecta, Arisaema amurense and Typhonium giganteum. These raphides were observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the elements were analyzed with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Infrared spectrum was used for detecting the functional groups. Toxic intensities of the four kinds of raphides were detected by mice acute toxicity experiment, and the value of LD0 were from caculated by Bliss rule.
RESULTThe raphides in the four plants have the similar crystal form. Observation with SEM showed a pointed and blunt end, and a long groove and barbs on a raphide. The raphides in P. ternate and P. pedatisecta were sharper than that in other two, respectively. The results of X-ray diffraction, photoelectric spectra showed that the major component of raphides was calcium oxalate monohydrate, and also showed the elements of N and S existing. Infrared spectra showed the raphides contained functional groups of -COOH and -NH2. These results illustrated that the calcium oxalate monohydrate was not the only component of the raphide. The raphides could produce severe toxic reactions. LD50 values of P. ternate, P. pedatisecta, A. amurense and T. giganteum were 14.78, 14.11, 16.02 and 18.90 mg x kg(-1) (ip), respectively. The corresponding LD50 values of crude drugs were all above 3000 mg x kg(-1) (ip). The toxicity of raphides was 200 times of crude drugs'.
CONCLUSIONThe raphides in P. ternate and P. pedatisecta, A. amurense and T. giganteum were their common poisonous factor.
Animals ; Araceae ; chemistry ; Calcium Oxalate ; chemistry ; toxicity ; Crystallization ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Plant Extracts ; chemistry ; toxicity
2.Chemical consitituents from root of Isatis indigotica.
Xiao-Liang WANG ; Ming-Hua CHEN ; Fang WANG ; Peng-Bin BU ; Sheng LIN ; Cheng-Gen ZHU ; Yu-Huan LI ; Jian-Dong JIANG ; Jian-Gong SHI
China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica 2013;38(8):1172-1182
Thirty-three compounds were isolated from the root decoction of Isatis indigotica by using a combination of various chromatographic techniques including silica gel, macroporous adsorbent resin, Sephadex LH-20, and reversed-phase HPLC. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic data as (+)-dehydrovomifoliol (1), (S)-(+)-abscisic acid (2), vomifoliol (3), cyclo (L-Phe-L-Leu) (4), cyclo(L-Phe-L-Tyr) (5), cyclo(L-Tyr-L-Leu) (6), cyclo(L-Pro-L-Tyr) (7), evofolin B (8), (+)-syringaresinol (9), (-)-(7R,7'R,8S,8'S)-4,4'-dihydroxy-3-methoxy-7,9';7',9-diepoxy-lignan (10), (-)-medioresinol (11), (+) -(7R,7'R,8S,8'S) -neo-olivil (12), (-) -5-methoxyisolariciresinol (13), 1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one (14), isalexin (15), dihydroneoascorbigen (16), indican (17), (-) -(S) -cyanomethyl-3-hydroxyoxindole (18), isoformononetein (19), calycosin (20), stigamast-5-ene-3beta-ol-7-one (21), acetovanillone (22), 3, 5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxyacetophenone (23), dihydroconiferyl alcohol (24), dihyroferulic acid (25), 3-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl) propan-1-one (26), beta-hydroxypropiovanillone (27), 4-aminobenzoic acid (28), 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) propan-1-ol (29), 4-(2-hydroxyethyl) phenol (30), 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol (31), pyrocatechol (32), and 4-pentenamide (33). These compounds were isolated from the root of I. indigotica for the first time. In preliminary in vitro assays, compound 19 showed activity against the influenza virus A/Hanfang/359/95 (H3N2), the herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), and Coxsackie virus B3 (Cox-B3), with IC50 values of 2.06, 6.84, and 8.70 micromol x L(-1), respectively, but other compounds were in-active at a concentration of 1.0 x 10 x (-5) mol x L(-1).
Animals
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Cell Line
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Humans
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Isatis
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chemistry
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Plant Extracts
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chemistry
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pharmacology
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toxicity
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Plant Roots
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chemistry
3.Research progress of especial toxicity and of pyrrolizidine alkaloids.
Jiayin HAN ; Aihua LIANG ; Shuangrong GAO
China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica 2011;36(10):1397-1401
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are widely distributed in many plants including medicinal herbs. The hepatotoxicity of PAs has been known academically for a long time, however, their reproductive toxicity, mutagenesis and carcinogenicity have been less researched. This article is an overview of the clinical and experimental reports of the reproductive toxicity, mutagenesis and carcinogenicity of PAs, the effective factors and generating mechanism of the toxicity.
Animals
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Biomedical Research
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Humans
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Plant Extracts
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analysis
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toxicity
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Plants, Medicinal
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chemistry
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toxicity
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Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids
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analysis
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toxicity
4.Molluscicidal activity of Nerium indicum Mill, Pterocarya stenoptera DC, and Rumex japonicum houtt on Oncomelania hupensis.
Hong WANG ; Wei-Min CAI ; Wan-Xian WANG ; Jian-Min YANG
Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 2006;19(4):245-248
OBJECTIVETo evaluate the molluscicidal activities of three Chinese plants N. indicum Mill, R stenoptera DC, and R. japonicum Houtt, and to clarify the molluscicidal mechanism.
METHODSN-butanol extracts and water extracts of the three plants were obtained. The reactions of EST isozyme, glycogen and total protein of snails to the plant extracts were studied.
RESULTSEST electrophoresis showed that EST was an important antidotal enzyme system and reacted strongly to environment. EST changed greatly during the whole exposure period so that it could be viewed as a pathological index of toxicity. Extracts decreased the glycogen content of the snails' soft tissues greatly, and also the protein content.
CONCLUSIONAll extracts show strong molluscicidal activity. The LD50 value of the water extract of N. indicum Mill is as low as 13.2 mg/L. EST can be viewed as a pathological index of toxicity. The energy metabolism abnormity is the key reason for the molluscicidal activities. The biochemical mechanism needs further research.
Animals ; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ; Esterases ; metabolism ; Glycogen ; metabolism ; Isoenzymes ; metabolism ; Juglandaceae ; chemistry ; toxicity ; Molluscacides ; toxicity ; Nerium ; chemistry ; toxicity ; Plant Extracts ; chemistry ; toxicity ; Rumex ; chemistry ; toxicity ; Snails ; drug effects
5.Advances in studies on toxicity of aconite.
Rong-Chang CHEN ; Gui-Bo SUN ; Qiang ZHANG ; Zu-Guang YE ; Xiao-Bo SUN
China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica 2013;38(8):1126-1129
Aconite has the efficacy of reviving yang for resuscitation, dispelling cold and relieving pain, which is widely used in clinic, and shows unique efficacy in treating severe diseases. However, aconite has great toxicity, with obvious cardio-toxicity and neurotoxicity. Its toxicological mechanism main shows in the effect on voltage-dependent sodium channels, release of neurotransmitters and changes in receptors, promotion of lipid peroxidation and cell apoptosis in heart, liver and other tissues. Aconite works to reduce toxicity mainly through compatibility and processing. Besides traditional processing methods, many new modern processing techniques could also help achieve the objectives of detoxification and efficacy enhancement. In order to further develop the medicinal value of aconite and reduce its side effect in clinical application, this article gives comprehensive comments on aconite's toxicity characteristics, mechanism and detoxification methods on the basis of relevant reports for aconite's toxicity and the author's experimental studies.
Aconitum
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chemistry
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Animals
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Chemistry, Pharmaceutical
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Drug Compounding
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Drugs, Chinese Herbal
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chemistry
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toxicity
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Humans
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Plant Extracts
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chemistry
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toxicity
6.Comparison of acute toxicity of extract of unprocessed indian atringbush root and its two different processed products.
Jinjuan ZHANG ; Ying XIONG ; Wei LI ; Guilin ZHANG ; Jianke WANG ; Chang LIN ; Yan LIU
China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica 2011;36(9):1172-1174
OBJECTIVETo compare the acute toxicity and content of daphnoretin among extracts of unprocessed indian string-bush root and its two different processed products, and to provide a basis for discussion of the mechanism of two processed methods.
METHODExtracts of unprocessed indian stringbush root and processed indian stringbush root with "sweat" and "artificial sweat" were prepared. The mice were intragastrically administrated once with these three extracts, the mortalities of mice were observed, and the median lethal dose (LD50) of different extracts were calculated with Bliss method. The determination of daphnoretin in these three samples was performed by high performance liquid chromatography.
RESULTThe LD50 of indian stringbush root extracts, indian stringbush root processed with "sweat" and with "artificial sweat" were 46.678, 72.190, 67.953 g x kg(-1), respectively. The contents of daphnoretin in unprocessed indian stringbush root, indian stringbush root processed with "sweat" and with "artificial sweat" were 0.189%, 0.407% and 0.345%, respectively.
CONCLUSIONThe toxicity of indian stringbush root processed with both "sweat" and "artificial sweat" is lower than that of the original rude drug. But the decreasion of toxicity of processed products is not by the reduced daphoretin content.
Animals ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Coumarins ; chemistry ; toxicity ; Female ; Lethal Dose 50 ; Male ; Mice ; Plant Extracts ; chemistry ; toxicity ; Plant Roots ; chemistry ; Toxicity Tests ; Wikstroemia ; chemistry
7.A review on the pharmacological and toxicological aspects of Datura stramonium L.
Bhakta Prasad GAIRE ; Lalita SUBEDI
Journal of Integrative Medicine 2013;11(2):73-79
Datura stramonium L., a wild-growing plant of the Solanaceae family, is widely distributed and easily accessible. It contains a variety of toxic tropane alkaloids such as atropine, hyoscamine, and scopolamine. In Eastern medicine, especially in Ayurvedic medicine, D. stramonium has been used for curing various human ailments, including ulcers, wounds, inflammation, rheumatism and gout, sciatica, bruises and swellings, fever, asthma and bronchitis, and toothache. A few previous studies have reported on the pharmacological effects of D. stramonium; however, complete information regarding the pharmacology, toxicity, ethnobotany and phytochemistry remains unclear. Ethnomedicinally, the frequent recreational abuse of D. stramonium has resulted in toxic syndromes. D. stramonium, in the form of paste or solution to relieve the local pain, may not have a deleterious effect; however, oral and systemic administration may lead to severe anticholinergic symptoms. For this reason, it is very important for individuals, mainly young people, to be aware of the toxic nature and potential risks associated with the use of this plant. This comprehensive review of D. stramonium includes information on botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology and ethnomedicinal uses.
Animals
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Datura
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chemistry
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classification
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Humans
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Phytotherapy
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Plant Extracts
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chemistry
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pharmacology
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toxicity
8.Toxicity profile of ethanolic extract of Azadirachta indica stem bark in male Wistar rats.
Anofi Omotayo Tom ASHAFA ; Latifat Olubukola OREKOYA ; Musa Toyin YAKUBU
Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2012;2(10):811-817
OBJECTIVETo investigate the toxic implications of ethanolic stem bark extract of Azadirachta indica (A. indica) at 50, 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight in Wistar rats.
METHODSFifty male rats of Wistar strains were randomly grouped into five (A-E) of ten animals each. Animals in Group A (control) were orally administered 1 mL of distilled water on daily basis for 21 days while those in Groups B-E received same volume of the extract corresponding to 50, 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight.
RESULTSThe extract did not significantly (P>0.05) alter the levels of albumin, total protein, red blood cells and factors relating to it whereas the white blood cell, platelets, serum triacylglycerol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased significantly (P<0.05). In contrast, the final body weights, absolute weights of the liver, kidney, lungs and heart as well as their organ-body weight ratios, serum globulins, total and conjugated bilirubin, serum cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and computed atherogenic index increased significantly. The spleen-body weight ratio, alkaline phosphatase, alanine and aspartate transaminases, sodium, potassium, calcium, feed and water intake were altered at specific doses.
CONCLUSIONSOverall, the alterations in the biochemical parameters of toxicity have consequential effects on the normal functioning of the organs of the animals. Therefore, the ethanolic extract of A. indica stem bark at the doses of 50, 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight may not be completely safe as an oral remedy and should be taken with caution if absolutely necessary.
Animals ; Azadirachta ; chemistry ; Body Weight ; drug effects ; Ethanol ; Male ; Organ Size ; drug effects ; Plant Bark ; chemistry ; Plant Extracts ; pharmacology ; toxicity ; Plant Stems ; chemistry ; Rats ; Toxicity Tests
9.Pharmacological properties of Datura stramonium L. as a potential medicinal tree: an overview.
Priyanka SONI ; Anees Ahmad SIDDIQUI ; Jaya DWIVEDI ; Vishal SONI
Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2012;2(12):1002-1008
India has a great wealth of various naturally occurring plant drugs which have great potential pharmacological activities. Datura stramonium (D. stramonium) is one of the widely well known folklore medicinal herbs. The troublesome weed, D. stramonium is a plant with both poisonous and medicinal properties and has been proven to have great pharmacological potential with a great utility and usage in folklore medicine. D. stromonium has been scientifically proven to contain alkaloids, tannins, carbohydrates and proteins. This plant has contributed various pharmacological actions in the scientific field of Indian systems of medicines like analgesic and antiasthmatic activities. The present paper presents an exclusive review work on the ethnomedical, phytochemical, pharmacological activities of this plant.
Anti-Asthmatic Agents
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Anti-Bacterial Agents
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Datura stramonium
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chemistry
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toxicity
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Ethnopharmacology
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Humans
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India
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Medicine, Traditional
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Phytotherapy
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Plant Extracts
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chemistry
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pharmacology
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Plants, Medicinal
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chemistry
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toxicity
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Trees
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chemistry
;
toxicity
10.Chemical constituents of Kadsura oblongifolia and evaluation of their toxicity.
Jin ZHANG ; Zhi-Ming WANG ; Ke-Chun LIU ; Qiu-Xia HE ; Yao-Dong QI ; Ben-Gang ZHANG ; Hai-Tao LIU ; Pei-Gen XIAO
Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica 2014;49(9):1296-1303
To study the chemical constituents of K. oblongifolia, silica gel column chromatography, MCI and Sephadex LH-20 were used to separate the 70% acetone extract of the stems of K. oblongifolia. The structures of the isolated compounds have been established on the basis of physicochemical and NMR spectroscopic evidence as well as ESI-MS in some cases. Twenty compounds were obtained and identified as heteroclitalignan A (1), kadsulignan F (2), kadoblongifolin C (3), schizanrin F (4), heteroclitalignan C (5), kadsurarin (6), kadsulignan O (7), eburicol (8), meso-dihydroguaiaretic acid (9), kadsufolin A (10), tiegusanin M (11), heteroclitin B (12), (7'S)-parabenzlactone (13), angeloylbinankadsurin B (14), propinquain H (15), quercetin (16), kadsulignan P (17), schizanrin G (18), micrandilactone C (19) and (-)-shikimic acid (20). Compouds 1, 5, 8, 11-15, 18 and 20 were isolated from this plant for the first time. Toxicity of compounds 1-10 were evaluated with zebrafish model to observe the effect on its embryonic development and heart function. The results showed that compounds 7, 9 and 10 caused edema of zebrafish embryo and decreased the heart rate of zebrafish, which exhibited interference effect on heart development of zebrafish.
Animals
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Embryo, Nonmammalian
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drug effects
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Guaiacol
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analogs & derivatives
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toxicity
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Kadsura
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chemistry
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Lignans
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toxicity
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Plant Extracts
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toxicity
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Quercetin
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toxicity
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Triterpenes
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toxicity
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Zebrafish
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embryology