Depression is a very common mental health problem in our modern society. Stress is involved in the provocation of depression. The pathogenesis of depressive disorder is still not well known. The development of neuroendocrine immunology opens a new sight for clarification of mechanism underlying stress-induced depression. Chronic stress activates peripheral and central immune systems accompanied with the release of inflammatory mediators, including cytokines. Activated immune system mediates the process of depression through the interaction with neuron system and neuroendocrine system, including regulating the monoamine neurotransmitter system in synthesis, metabolism and reuptake, inducing the overactivation of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and its negative feedback regulation, and reducing neurogenesis. This present paper reviews the cytokines mechanisms underlying stress-induced depression.
Cytokines ; immunology ; Depression ; immunology ; Humans ; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System ; Immune System ; Pituitary-Adrenal System ; Stress, Psychological ; immunology

OBJECTIVETo explore the mechanism of pricking blood therapy (PBT) for allergic rhinitis (AR).

METHODSThe model rat of experimental allergic rhinitis (EAR) was established by administration of ovoglohulin and they were divided into five groups randomly: a model group, a PBT group, a TCM point application group, a beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) treatment group, and a health control group. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) contents in hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal gland and plasma were determined by radioimmunoassay before and after treatment.

RESULTSThe ACTH levels in the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal gland and plasma in the rat of EAR were lower than those in the health control group (P < 0.01). After treatment of pricking blood ther, ACTH levels in the above tissues increased significantly (P < 0.01), with very significant differences (P < 0.01) as compared with the model group, similar to those in the BDP group (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONPricking blood therapy has a regulatory action on ACTH in HPA axis of rats with experimental allergic rhinitis.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a main type of mood disorder, characterized by significant and lasting depressed mood. Until now, the pathogenesis of MDD is not clear, but it is certain that biological, psychological, and social factors are involved. Childhood trauma is considered to be an important factor in the development of this disease. Previous studies have found that nearly half of the patients with MDD have experienced childhood trauma, and different types of childhood trauma, gender, and age show different effects on this disease. In addition, the clinical characteristics of MDD patients with childhood trauma are also different, which often have more severe depressive symptoms, higher risk of suicide, and more severe cognitive impairment. The response to antidepressants is also worse. In terms of biological mechanisms and marker characteristics, the serotonin transporter gene and the FKBP prolyl isomerase 5 have been shown to play an important role in MDD and childhood trauma. Moreover, some brain imaging and biomarkers showed specific features, such as changes in gray matter in the dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex, and abnormal changes in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function.
Child ; Depressive Disorder, Major ; Gray Matter ; Humans ; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System ; Pituitary-Adrenal System ; Suicide

Glucose ; Humans ; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System ; Lycium ; Pituitary-Adrenal System ; Resistance Training

This review summarizes the present advance of effects of stress on hippocampal structure and function and the role of hippocampus in feedback regulation of thalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis during stress. It shows that stress can affect hippocampal structure and function, on the other hand, the hippocampus can also suppress the stress reaction through the feedback regulation of HPA axis, but chronic stress can attenuate this regulation, then significantly impair its structure and function.
Animals ; Hippocampus/physiopathology* ; Humans ; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/physiology* ; Pituitary-Adrenal System/physiology* ; Stress, Physiological/physiopathology*

Stroke-associated pneumonia (SAP) is a spectrum of pulmonary infections in non-mechanical ventilation patients within 7 days of stroke. SAP is one of the most common complications after stroke, with an incidence of 7%-38%, which is significantly associated with poor prognosis of stroke. Stroke-induced immune-depression syndrome (SIDS) is one of the main pathogenesis of SAP, which is closely related to autoimmune, sympathetic nervous system (SNS), hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenalin axis (HPA axis), parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), and damage-related molecular patterns (DAMPs). It is unclear how the lungs and brain interact during the development of SAP. Some clinical studies have found that some clinical indicators such as monocyte human leukocyte antigen-DR (mHLA-DR), neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and heart rate variability (HRV) can be used to predict SAP occurrence. Old age, male, and diabetes are currently considered risk factors for SAP. Furthermore, a variety of SAP risk scales such as A2DS2 scale (age, atrial fibrillation, dysphagia, gender and stroke severity), preventive antibacterial therapy in acute ischemic stroke (PANTHERIS) scale, acute ischemic stroke-associated pneumonia scale (AIS-APS), and ISAN scale (pre-stroke independence, gender, age, and stroke severity) have been developed. According to the opinion of Pneumonia in Stroke Consensus in 2015, it is recommended to use the modified Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) pneumonia clinical diagnostic criteria for the diagnosis of SAP. Prevention of SAP is the most important part of clinical practice. Preventive antibiotics are not recommended, and once SAP is diagnosed, the antibiotic strategies should be followed. Neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory treatments are still being studied.
Brain Ischemia ; Humans ; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System ; Male ; Pituitary-Adrenal System ; Pneumonia ; Risk Factors ; Stroke

No abstract availble.
Biological Markers/blood ; Cytokines/*blood ; Humans ; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/*metabolism ; Irritable Bowel Syndrome/*metabolism ; Pituitary-Adrenal System/*metabolism

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a complicated and urgent disease in our modernized cities. It becomes now a public health disease. We have got more and more patients in Neurosurgery Intensive Care Unit following motor vehicle accidents and others causes. TBI brings multiple disorders, from the primary injury to secondary injury. The body received the disturbances in the brain, in the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis, in the gastric mucosa, in the immune and neuroendocrine systems. The mortality of TBI is more than 50 000 deaths / year, the third of the mortality of all injuries. Cushing ulcer is one of the severe complications of TBI and its mortality rate is more than 50%. Many studies have improved the management of TBI and the associated complications to give patients a better outcome. Furthers studies need to be done based on the similar methodology to clarify the different steps of the HPA axis and the neuroendocrine change associated. The aim of the present review is to assess the clinical and endocrinal features of hypopituitarism and stress ulcer following TBI.
Brain Injuries ; complications ; physiopathology ; Humans ; Hypopituitarism ; etiology ; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System ; physiopathology ; Pituitary-Adrenal System ; physiopathology ; Stomach Ulcer ; etiology

Breast cancer is a major chronic disease threatening women's health. It has topped the global cancers as the diagnosed cases outnumbered lung cancer patients in 2020. Internal damage due to the seven emotions is an important cause of breast cancer and the disorders of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal(HPA) axis and endocrine system and the abnormal immune defense mechanism in response to psychological stress all affect the occurrence and development of breast cancer. It is noteworthy that the theory of seven emotions in traditional Chinese medicine and the psychological stress theory of modern medicine have something in common in some aspects. Therefore, this study explored the correlation between internal damage due to the seven emotions and psychological stress and analyzed the molecular biological mechanisms of psychological stress influencing breast cancer from the perspective of modern medicine, which is helpful to reasonably prevent breast cancer and other related tumors and improve the prognosis of breast cancer patients through emotion regulation.
Breast Neoplasms/genetics* ; Emotions ; Female ; Humans ; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Pituitary-Adrenal System ; Stress, Psychological

"Timely, near, and expectation" is the main principle of battlefield rescue for military combat stress reaction (CSR). Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is the most common form of CSR and a long-term persistent mental disorder that is caused by unusual threatening or catastrophic psychological trauma. Chinese medicine (CM) has abundant resources, is simple, easy to master, with few side effects. This article summarizes the cellular and animal experimental mechanisms of CM treatment on PTSD, suggesting that traditional Chinese herbs and acupuncture can protect brain functional areas, and adjust hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. Traditional Chinese herbs and acupuncture have shown good anti-stress efficacy and fewer side effects in clinical application, which may improve the CSR in the battlefield.
Animals ; Humans ; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Military Personnel ; Pituitary-Adrenal System ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/therapy*