OBJECTIVETo assess the effectiveness of an educational intervention program in sexually transmitted disease (STD) and condom-related knowledge and promoting condom use among STD patients.

METHODSSTD clinic patients were randomly assigned to three groups (A, control group; B, video viewing group; group C, video viewing plus education with talk) after administered with baseline questionnaire. Each patient was then scheduled to complete the questionnaire regarding the change of STD knowledge and use of condom in two weeks and 3 months.

RESULTSSix hundred and forty-eight patients entered the study. More than half of the patients were aware of STD-related knowledge. However the rate of condom use was very low. When having intercourse with the casual sexual partners the percentage of condom use was only 20%. Seventeen per cent of the patients knew nothing about how to use condom correctly. Follow up results showed that the education program increased the knowledge about STD to some degree. However the percentage of condom use in the latest sexual intercourse increased greatly both in intervention and control groups, but more in intervention groups (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSTD education should be focused on advocating and correcting condom use.

Adult ; Condoms ; statistics & numerical data ; utilization ; Female ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Health Promotion ; methods ; statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Male ; Patient Education as Topic ; methods ; Sexually Transmitted Diseases ; prevention & control ; Videotape Recording

Objective:It explores critical issues of discounting in health technology assessment to provide a reference for improving discount rates in China.Methods:Based on literature review and empirical cases,it compares and analyzes the practical experience of the UK and Canada and the basis for discount rate setting in pharmacoeconomic evaluation and guidelines of various countries.Results:It is found that the social time preference and social opportunity cost approach provide research perspectives for discount rate calculation.How-ever,there are differences in the choice of discounting in international guidelines and pharmacoeconomic evaluation practices,which may reflect differences among countries regarding economic environment,healthcare systems,and values.Conclusion:It calls for more basic research on discounting and suggests the formulation of discount rates that align with our China's economic environment to provide deci-sion-makers with a reliable information foundation.

Objective:It explores critical issues of discounting in health technology assessment to provide a reference for improving discount rates in China.Methods:Based on literature review and empirical cases,it compares and analyzes the practical experience of the UK and Canada and the basis for discount rate setting in pharmacoeconomic evaluation and guidelines of various countries.Results:It is found that the social time preference and social opportunity cost approach provide research perspectives for discount rate calculation.How-ever,there are differences in the choice of discounting in international guidelines and pharmacoeconomic evaluation practices,which may reflect differences among countries regarding economic environment,healthcare systems,and values.Conclusion:It calls for more basic research on discounting and suggests the formulation of discount rates that align with our China's economic environment to provide deci-sion-makers with a reliable information foundation.

Objective:It explores critical issues of discounting in health technology assessment to provide a reference for improving discount rates in China.Methods:Based on literature review and empirical cases,it compares and analyzes the practical experience of the UK and Canada and the basis for discount rate setting in pharmacoeconomic evaluation and guidelines of various countries.Results:It is found that the social time preference and social opportunity cost approach provide research perspectives for discount rate calculation.How-ever,there are differences in the choice of discounting in international guidelines and pharmacoeconomic evaluation practices,which may reflect differences among countries regarding economic environment,healthcare systems,and values.Conclusion:It calls for more basic research on discounting and suggests the formulation of discount rates that align with our China's economic environment to provide deci-sion-makers with a reliable information foundation.

Objective:It explores critical issues of discounting in health technology assessment to provide a reference for improving discount rates in China.Methods:Based on literature review and empirical cases,it compares and analyzes the practical experience of the UK and Canada and the basis for discount rate setting in pharmacoeconomic evaluation and guidelines of various countries.Results:It is found that the social time preference and social opportunity cost approach provide research perspectives for discount rate calculation.How-ever,there are differences in the choice of discounting in international guidelines and pharmacoeconomic evaluation practices,which may reflect differences among countries regarding economic environment,healthcare systems,and values.Conclusion:It calls for more basic research on discounting and suggests the formulation of discount rates that align with our China's economic environment to provide deci-sion-makers with a reliable information foundation.

Objective:It explores critical issues of discounting in health technology assessment to provide a reference for improving discount rates in China.Methods:Based on literature review and empirical cases,it compares and analyzes the practical experience of the UK and Canada and the basis for discount rate setting in pharmacoeconomic evaluation and guidelines of various countries.Results:It is found that the social time preference and social opportunity cost approach provide research perspectives for discount rate calculation.How-ever,there are differences in the choice of discounting in international guidelines and pharmacoeconomic evaluation practices,which may reflect differences among countries regarding economic environment,healthcare systems,and values.Conclusion:It calls for more basic research on discounting and suggests the formulation of discount rates that align with our China's economic environment to provide deci-sion-makers with a reliable information foundation.

Objective:It explores critical issues of discounting in health technology assessment to provide a reference for improving discount rates in China.Methods:Based on literature review and empirical cases,it compares and analyzes the practical experience of the UK and Canada and the basis for discount rate setting in pharmacoeconomic evaluation and guidelines of various countries.Results:It is found that the social time preference and social opportunity cost approach provide research perspectives for discount rate calculation.How-ever,there are differences in the choice of discounting in international guidelines and pharmacoeconomic evaluation practices,which may reflect differences among countries regarding economic environment,healthcare systems,and values.Conclusion:It calls for more basic research on discounting and suggests the formulation of discount rates that align with our China's economic environment to provide deci-sion-makers with a reliable information foundation.

Objective:It explores critical issues of discounting in health technology assessment to provide a reference for improving discount rates in China.Methods:Based on literature review and empirical cases,it compares and analyzes the practical experience of the UK and Canada and the basis for discount rate setting in pharmacoeconomic evaluation and guidelines of various countries.Results:It is found that the social time preference and social opportunity cost approach provide research perspectives for discount rate calculation.How-ever,there are differences in the choice of discounting in international guidelines and pharmacoeconomic evaluation practices,which may reflect differences among countries regarding economic environment,healthcare systems,and values.Conclusion:It calls for more basic research on discounting and suggests the formulation of discount rates that align with our China's economic environment to provide deci-sion-makers with a reliable information foundation.

Objective:It explores critical issues of discounting in health technology assessment to provide a reference for improving discount rates in China.Methods:Based on literature review and empirical cases,it compares and analyzes the practical experience of the UK and Canada and the basis for discount rate setting in pharmacoeconomic evaluation and guidelines of various countries.Results:It is found that the social time preference and social opportunity cost approach provide research perspectives for discount rate calculation.How-ever,there are differences in the choice of discounting in international guidelines and pharmacoeconomic evaluation practices,which may reflect differences among countries regarding economic environment,healthcare systems,and values.Conclusion:It calls for more basic research on discounting and suggests the formulation of discount rates that align with our China's economic environment to provide deci-sion-makers with a reliable information foundation.

OBJECTIVE To eva luate the economy of loratinib versus crizo tinib in the first-line treatment of anaplastic lymphoma kinase （ALK）-positive advanced non-small cell lung cancer （NSCLC）from the perspective of China ’s health system ， and to provide reference for the product pricing and related medical decisions of the drug in other regions of China except for Hong Kong. METHODS Markov model and partition survival model both constructed based on the CROWN data （the simulation time limit was 10 years and the cycle period was 4 weeks）；the quality adjusted life year （QALY）was used as the outcome index to calculate the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio （ICER）. One-way sensitivity analysis ，probability sensitivity analysis and scenario analysis were used to verify the robustness of the results. RESULTS The basic analysis results based on Markov model showed that compared with crizotinib group ，the per capita cost of loratinib group increased by 17 867 588.63 yuan，the per capita utility increased by 1.76 QALYs，and the ICER was 10 152 038.99 yuan/QALY. The basic analysis results based on the partition survival model showed that compared with the crizotinib group ，the Δ 基金项目：江苏省博士后科研资助计划项目（No.2021K496C）； per capita cost of loratinib group increased by 18 009 592.54 2020年度高校哲学社会科学研究一般项目（No.2020SJA0070） yuan，the per capita utility increased by 1.74 QALYs，and the ＊硕士研究生 。研究方向 ：药物经济学 、卫生经济与政策 。 E-mail：sunlei_cpu@163.com ICER was 10 350 340.54 yuan/QALY. The results of one-way # 通信作者：教授，博士生导师。研究方向：药物经济学、卫生经 sensitivity analysis of the two models both showed that 济与政策。E-mail：ma86128@sina.com progression-free survival （PFS）state utility v alue，progression- ·1102· China Pharmacy 2022Vol. 33 No. 9 中国药房 2022年第33卷第9期 disease（PD）state utility value and loratinib cost had great influence on the results. The results of probability sensitivity analysis showed that when 1-3 times of China ’s per capita GDP in 2020 was taken as the willingness to pay threshold ，the probability of loratinib being economical was 0. The recommended unit price of loratinib per 100 mg was 657.10-815.60 yuan. CONCLUSIONS For patients with ALK-positive advanced NSCLC ，loratinib is more effective than crizotinib in the first-line treatment ，but it is not economical under the current price ；reasonably lowering the price of loratinib can increase the probability of its economy.