OBJECTIVE To investigate the variations in taste， aroma and volatile organic compounds of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma decoction pieces derived from different sources， and to identify their origins. METHODS The flavor， odor and volatile organic compounds of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma decoction pieces from different sources were compared and analyzed by using electronic tongue， electronic nose， and gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry （GC-IMS）. Principal component analysis （PCA）， partial least squares-discriminant analysis （PLS-DA）， orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis （OPLS-DA） and Fisher discriminant analysis were employed to identify the origins of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma decoction pieces and establish the basis discrimination criteria. RESULTS The differences in taste of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma decoction pieces from 3 origins were primarily characterized by bitterness， astringency， and bitter-astringent aftertaste. In terms of smell， variations were mainly observed in inorganic sulfides， organic sulfides containing aromatic components， methane and other short-chain alkanes， alcohols， ethers， aldehydes and ketones， as well as nitrogen oxides. Differentially volatile organic compounds mainly consisted of alcohols， aldehydes and ketones. Furthermore， the samples from 8 batches could be effectively classified into 3 categories.Three types of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma decoction pieces can be effectivily identified based on the peak intensity ratio between volatile substances. For example， when the peak intensity of 2-acetylfuran was 3-19 times that of isobutyric acid [dimer]， it was considered as Rheum officinale Baill. CONCLUSIONS The discriminant models established in this study， along with the criteria for determining the origins based on the peak intensity ofcharacteristic volatile compounds， can be utilized for the identification of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma decoction pieces.

ObjectiveTo analyze drug resistance status and risk factors in elderly tuberculosis patients in Ninghai County of Zhejiang Province， and to provide basis for prevention and control of drug-resistant tuberculosis. MethodsClinical data were collected from 142 elderly tuberculosis patients （with positive sputum culture） who were diagnosed and treated in medical institutions in Ninghai from 2016 to 2020. The risk factors of drug resistance were analyzed by Chi-square test and logistic regression model. ResultsThe overall drug resistance rate was 33.80%， and the drug resistance rate in patients with recurrent pulmonary tuberculosis was significantly higher than that in patients with initial pulmonary tuberculosis， and the difference was statistically significant. Multivariate unconditional logisitic regression analysis showed that irregular medication and disease recurrence were independent risk factors for multidrug resistance in the elderly patients. ConclusionThe drug resistance rate in elderly tuberculosis patients in Ninghai is high. It is necessary to strengthen the management and supervision of tuberculosis in the community， and to carry out effective health education and visit for elderly patients， especially for newly treated patients， and to avoid treatment failure caused by irregular medication and interruption of treatment.