Exocrine ductal carcinoma is an important part of malignant tumors of exocrine glands, including invasive breast ductal carcinoma, salivary duct carcinoma, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma. Most of these diseases are aggressive, highly malignant and endanger human health. Early detection and diagnosis are the key to a good prognosis for exocrine ductal carcinoma. Different exocrine ductal carcinomas also have certain connections, and their molecular biological characteristics, pathological characteristics and molecular mechanisms have similarities. Surgical resection combined with adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy is currently a common treatment method for exocrine ductal carcinoma. At the same time, its related targeted therapy and immunotherapy sites can also learn from each other. Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2) and the family markers have become breast ductal carcinoma and salivary duct carcinoma targeted therapy sites, and immunotherapy at programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) sites has also been involved in many studies, but there is no clear conclusion yet.

【Objective】 To compare the macrolide resistance, molecular characteristics and multilocus antigen sequence typing (MAST) of Bordetella pertussis (Bp) collected from Xi’an and Shanghai so as to provide reference for prevention of pertussis and optimize vaccination strategies. 【Methods】 Erythromycin, azithromycin and clarithromycin susceptibility of clinical isolates collected from Xi’an and Shanghai during 2018 and 2019 were determined by E-test. PCR was used to detect the drug-resistant genes and mutation sites. MAST was employed to do molecular typing for the strains. The differences in macrolide resistance and MAST types between Xi’an and Shanghai were compared. 【Results】 Totally 34 strains from Xi’an and 26 strains from Shanghai were isolated. There were differences between Xi’an and Shanghai in the macrolide resistance (χ²=13.650, P<0.001). The composition ratio of MAST types of pertussis strains was also different between Xi’an and Shanghai (χ²=18.642, P<0.001) in that the prn1/ptxP1/ptxA1/fim3-1/fim2-1 strains dominated in Xi’an, while the prn1/ptxP1/ptxA1/fim3-1/fim2-1 and prn2/ptxP3/ptxA1/fim3-1/fim2-1 were almost half and half in Shanghai. A2047G site mutation was detected in all the macrolide-resistant strains, but not in all sensitive strains. Methylase genes ermA and ermB were detected in some macrolide-resistant strains. No other macrolide-resistant genes were found in resistant strains and no mutation or drug resistance gene was found in all the susceptible strains. 【Conclusion】 Differences existed between Xi’an and Shanghai in the macrolide resistance and MAST types of Bordetella pertussis strains. Further monitoring of Bordetella pertussis in China is required to better understand the resistance and evolution of the pathogen.

Resection of oral and maxillofacial tumors is often accompanied by the inferior alveolar nerve neurectomy, resulting in abnormal sensation in lower lip. It is generally believed that spontaneous sensory recovery in this nerve injury is difficult. However, during our follow-up, patients with inferior alveolar nerve sacrifice showed different degrees of lower lip sensory recovery. In this study, a prospective cohort study was conducted to demonstrate this phenomenon and analyze the factors influencing sensory recovery. A mental nerve transection model of Thy1-YFP mice and tissue clearing technique were used to explore possible mechanisms in this process. Gene silencing and overexpression experiments were then conducted to detect the changes in cell morphology and molecular markers. In our follow-up, 75% of patients with unilateral inferior alveolar nerve neurectomy had complete sensory recovery of the lower lip 12 months postoperatively. Patients with younger age, malignant tumors, and preservation of ipsilateral buccal and lingual nerves had a shorter recovery time. The buccal nerve collateral sprouting compensation was observed in the lower lip tissue of Thy1-YFP mice. ApoD was demonstrated to be involved in axon growth and peripheral nerve sensory recovery in the animal model. TGF-β inhibited the expression of STAT3 and the transcription of ApoD in Schwann cells through Zfp423. Overall, after sacrificing the inferior alveolar nerve, the collateral compensation of the ipsilateral buccal nerve could innervate the sensation. And this process was regulated by TGF-β-Zfp423-ApoD pathway.
Mice ; Animals ; Lip/innervation* ; Prospective Studies ; Mandibular Nerve/pathology* ; Sensation/physiology* ; Trigeminal Nerve Injuries/pathology*