A series of medical equipment question is introduced including currency use, combination, digital function and whole efficiency. By using system theory, the thought and viewpoint were put forward that how to solve equipment classification, "three turn" design (generalization, modularization, serialization), informationization alteration and affixation etc. Some thoughs on development strategy of medical equipment and creative information condition of field battle can be referred and provided.

Persistent infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV)is associated with host immune response.CD4 +T cells play an important role in HBV-specific immune response.The restoration of HBV-specific T-cell response after antiviral therapy using nucleoside and nucleo-tide analogues is also associated with CD4 +T cells.In recent years,two new subsets of CD4 +T cells,namely regulatory T cells (Tregs) and T helper 17 cells (Th17 cells),have been identified and shown to be related to disease progression and liver damage in patients with persistent HBV infection.Here we primarily summarized the differentiation and function of Tregs and Th17 cells and reviewed the interaction between the two types of cells in persistent infection and their changes after clinical antiviral therapy.We hope it will be helpful to clinical immunotherapy and prognostic assessment.

Cyclooxygenase (COX) is a crucial enzyme in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins.There are two COX isoforrns:COX-1 and COX-2.Recently it is demonstrated that there is a close relationship of COX-2 with the occurrence,development and metabasis of tumor; COX-2 inhibitor is hoping to be a new target in tumor therapy.The article overviews many progresses of COX-2 about its expression,modulation and mecha-nism of carcinogenesis in cholangiocarcinoma in order to explore the prospect of the COX-2 inhibitors in cholangioearcinoma treatment.

Objective:To study the influence of transfer payment on the equalization of medical and health services.Methods:Based on panel data of China's 23 provinces from 2000 to 2014.the medical and health services equalization indexes were measured and developed as the explained index.The explanatory variables such as transfer payment,per capita GDP and health care input were involved.The threshold value of time and transfer payment were applied to developed to conduct the panel threshold regression.Results:Transfer payment significantly promoted the equal distrihntion of health service resources,but the elastic declined if transfered more than 33 billion yuan as the threshold.Meanwhile,there was a threshold effect that the elastic of transfer payment to the equalization of China's medical and health service declined after NCMC in 2003.Conclusion:To further increase transfer payment,it needed to enlarge the new farmers and scope,optimize the equal distribution of health service resources.

Objective To study the spatial spillover effects of medical and health resources on the hospital innovation.Methods Based on panel data of 31 provinces of China from 2000 to 2014,and with the method of Spatial Durbin Model(SDM),the paper does the regression with the sample of all provinces,eastern,central and western provinces,through using provincial patent number as explained variable,and using the provincial medical institutions of beds,per capita GDP,health care spending as explanatory variables.Results Medical and health resources have a significant role in promoting the hospital innovation,not only for local province but also for adjacent provinces,namely there is spillover effect;the promotion effect of medical resources for local and neighbouring province hospital innovation is almost the same;for eastern and central provinces,there is a positive effect of medical resources to hospital innovation,and for central province,the spillover effects exist.Conclusion The medical and health resources should be further increased,a provincial communication platform of resources and innovation be built,the east and western provinces spillover effect be promoted,to drive the reform of the supply side with innovation.

Objective To investigate the analgesic efficacy of ultrasound guided transversus abdominis plane block and to compare the efficacy of posterior approach and medial approach of ultrasound guided transversus abdominis plane block (TAPB) in providing postoperative analgesia after children laparoscopic groin surgery.Methods Eligible children 2 ～ 4 years old (n =60),American society of anesthesiologists (ASA) I,undergoing elective laparoscopic unilateral groin surgery were randomly assigned into posterior approach group (Group P),medial approach group (Group M) and control group (Group C).Many parameters were measured and recorded during the study,including funk sedation scores,intraoperative circulation monitoring at time points of T1 (before induction),T2 (skin incision) and T3 (skin closure),length of surgery,the time from post anesthesia care unit (PACU) arrival to the first obtainable pain score,length of PACU stay,modified-children's hospital of eastern ontario pain scale(m-CHEOPS),pediatric anesthesia emergence delirium (PAED) scores,number of children with sufentanil administered in PACU,number of people occurred nausea and vomiting,and satisfaction of parents.Results There were no statistically significant difference in general characteristics,basic emotion score,duration of surgery,the time from PACU arrival to first obtainable score,haemodynamic parameter at T1 and satisfaction of parents among groups P,M,and C.However,the m-CHEOPS scores at the time points of first obtainable,10 min,the number of children received sufentanil administration,PAED scores and haemodynamic parameter at T2 and T3 were significantly lower in groups P and M than in group C.There were no significant difference in parameters mentioned above between groups P and M.Conclusions Ultrasound guided transversus abdominis plane block could provide efficient and secure postoperative analgesia for children undergoing laparoscopic groin surgery.Both posterior approach and medial approach are ideal options.

Retinopathy of Prematurity is a retinal vascular proliferative disease.With the improvement of the medical care in China, retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) has become one of the main causes of child hood blindness in recent years.Several factors such as short gestational age, low birth weight and oxygen supplementation are the three major risk factors for the disease, however, the pathogenesis is still not clear.This review here aims to expand the etiology and pathogenesis of ROP and provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of the disease.

Objective: To develop a quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker (QAMS) method for the simultaneous determination of six triterpene acid (euscaphic acid, tormentic acid, maslinic acid, corosolic acid, oleanolic acid, and ursolic acid) contents in the effective fraction of Eriobotryae Folium. Methods: Ursolic acid was used as the internal reference substance, and the relative correlation factors (RCF) of euscaphic acid, tormentic acid, maslinic acid, corosolic acid, and oleanolic acid were determined by HPLC-ELSD with good reproducibility. The contents of the five components were calculated according to the RCF, respectively. The contents of these six triterpene acids in 15 batches of effective fraction were determined by the external standard method. The rationality, feasibility, and repeatability of the QAMS method were verified by comparing the results obtained from the two different methods. Results: For the six triterpene acids, there was no significant difference between the quantitative results with the two different methods in the 15 batches. Conclusion: The method established in this research is accurate and feasible that it just needs to assay single-marker (ursolic acid) for the determination of six triterpene acids in the effective fraction of Eriobotryae Folium simultaneously. Therefore, this method could provide a new reference for the quality assess of multi components in Chinese materia medica.

Mechanisms of perineural invasion may include the effect of microenvironment, the interaction of cancer cell and nerve, the action of stromal cell and cancer cell, signal transduction between the cancer cell and nerve by the involvement of the neurotrophin and its receptor, chemokines and its receptor.Its impacts on early cervical cancer include surgery, adjuvant therapy, prognosis and so on.

Purpose:To compare the sensitivity and specificity of urinary cytokeratin test with voided urine cytology in detection of bladder cancer and to evaluate their clinical values. Methods:For 136 patients suspected to have bladder cancer urinary concentrations cytokeratin 8 and 18 and cytology were conducted in the same voided urine samples. Of them 87 patients with bladder transitional cell carcinoma were confirmed histologically The sensitivity and specificity of urinary cytokeratin and urine cytology were analyzed. 49 patients without bladder cancer were selected as control.Results:The overall sensitivity and specificity of urinary cytokeratin test were 70.1% and 73.3%,respctively ,those of urine cytology were (42.5%) and 83.7%, respectively, there was no significant difference between the specificity of urine cytology and that of urinary cytokeratin test ;however, urinary cytokeratin was significantly more sensitive than urine cytology in detection of any stages and grades of bladder cancer (P