OBJECTIVE:To provide the basis for the revision of appendices of volume Ⅰ and Ⅱ of Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2005 edition).METHODS:The general standards of preparations and the examinational methods in the appendices of volume Ⅰ and Ⅱ of Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2005 edition) were compared and analyzed in order to find out the problems.RESULTS:Volume Ⅰ was different from volume Ⅱ in the respect of numbers,ordering,subtypes,examinational items of preparations and the kinds,contents of examinational methods.In addition,the specification,the consistency of standard and the advancement of technological level were not in line with the standards.CONCLUSION:The appendices of volume Ⅰ and Ⅱ of Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2005 edition) should be revised.

This critical review was summarized more systematically about the JAK2V617F mutation of related research progress in myeloproliferative disorders (MPD) research fields and the identification of JAK2V617F mutation represents an important advance in our understanding of MPD was agreed. The authors focused on several sensitive problems of post the JAK2 mutation era, and expressed their opinions. The Guideline of the MPD diagnostic criteria recommended by WHO in 2008 was accepted. The authors recommend the MPD, rather than myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN). The treatment for the MPD (not including the CML) is recommended. Before the effective targeting of JAK2V617F specific inhibitors for the treatment of the MPD, short-term of use hydroxyurea (HU) was suggested to suppress excessive proliferation of bone marrow of MPD and a long course of treatment application of inteferon-α(IFN-α), and low-dose of aspirin in a timely manner were recommended to prevent thrombosis and other complications.

Objective To explore the correlation of the distance between anastomosis and dentate line in patients with severe circumferential prolapsed haemorrhoids treated by stapled haemorrhoidectomy with the patients' postoperative clinical manufestival score, and assess its value in the choice of anastomosis site in stapled haemorrhoidectomy. Methods One hundred and six patients with severe circumferential prolapsed haemorrhoids was treated by stapled haemorrhoidectomy. The distance between anastomosis and dentate line was documented during the operation, effect of the treatment and complications were also documented postoperatively. All above-mentioned data were analysed statisticaly by one-way ANOVA and ridit test.Results Four groups were established in 106 patients according to the distance between anastomosis and dentate line. Patients with distance less than 1.0cm were defined as group A, between 1.0 cm and 1.5 cm as group B, between 1.5 cm and 2.0 cm as group C, more than 2.0 cm as group D. Concerning the postoperative incontinence score, satisfaction index and complications such as haemorrhage,ederma of anal everage,residal skin-tags, there was no significant difference between all groups. But there was significant difference between four groups in score of pain. Conclusions Patients with severe circumferential prolapsed haemorrhoids treated by Stapled haemorrhoidectomy tend to have good clinical outcome. The appropriate distance between anastomosis and dentate line should be chosed by the status of prolapsed haemorrhoids.

Objective To develop an efficient method for the determination of activity of human lymphocyte kynureninase by high performance liquid chromatography. Methods Protein containing kynureninase was extracted from lymphocytes.The reaction was made with 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid as substrate and pyridoxal-5'-phosphate as coenzyme.The product was determined by high performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection.(Results)Standard curve of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid was highly linear over the range from 2 to 400 nmol/L.The intra-day coefficient of variation(CV) was less than 3.0% and the inter-day CV was less than 3.2%. Conclusion(The developed) assay is efficient and can be used to determine the activity of kynureninase from kinds of tissues.

A label-free method for sensitive and selective detection of thrombin ( Tb) was constructed based on rare earth ion mediated fluorescence switch of graphene quantum dots ( GQDs) . Rare earth ion ( Er3+) can assemble onto the surface of GQDs through the coordination interaction between Er3+ ions and the carboxylate groups located on the surface or edge of the GQDs, resulting in the aggregation of the GQDs and thereby decrease of the fluorescence of the GQDs. In the presence of Tb, the oxygen and nitrogen-donor atoms in Tb can coordinate with Er3+ ions and compete with the carboxylate groups on GQDs to coordinate Er3+ ions, thus the interaction between GQDs and Er3+ ions is reduced, which lead to the restoration of the GQDs fluorescence. In this study, the sensing mechanism was demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV-Vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. The limit of detection for Tb assay was as low as 0. 049 nmol/L. Moreover, this assay was successfully applied to the selective determination of Tb in real samples.

AIMTo study the cutaneous permeation kinetics and pharmacodynamics of lidocaine gel.

METHODSThe concentration of lidocaine in dermis following topical application in rats was determined by the cutaneous microdialysis technique and related parameters were calculated; the pharmacodynamics of the gel was evaluated by electric stimulation method with EMLA (eutectic mixture of local anesthetics) cream as a control.

RESULTSThe peak of percutaneous absorption kinetic profile of lidocaine gel across rat skin occurred at 1.25 h; the onset time of local anesthetic action of lidociane gel was similar to that of EMLA, but both the duration and depth of anesthetic effect were superior to EMLA cream.

CONCLUSIONLidocaine gel showed good anesthetic effect. The minimum effective concentration of lidocaine in dermis is 12 mg.L-1.

Anesthesia, Local ; Anesthetics, Local ; pharmacokinetics ; pharmacology ; Animals ; Gels ; Lidocaine ; pharmacokinetics ; pharmacology ; Male ; Pain Threshold ; drug effects ; Prilocaine ; pharmacokinetics ; pharmacology ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Skin Absorption

Microdialysis ; Pharmaceutical Preparations ; metabolism ; Pharmacokinetics

Polymeric micelles which are self-assembled from amphiphilic copolymers are thermodynamically stable, and they can solubilize hydrophobic drugs by the hydrophilic core. Many excellent active compounds are confined because of general low oral bioavailability due to poor solubility. Take into account from the two points above, polymeric micelles may be used as proper oral carrier to improve the dissolubility of hydrophobic drugs, and enhance the permeation though gastrointestinal tract, therefore, the pharmacodynamics is elevated. Meanwhile, the segments in copolymers are multivariate, so many kinds of micelles can be obtained, such as, pH- or thermo- sensitive as well as mucoadhesive ones. The modified micelles can alter drug release profiles while solubilizing them, that is why the oral bioavailability increase further. In this review, recent progress of polymeric micelles used in oral administration is summarized, and the prospect of polymeric micelles' application in this field is also evaluated.
Administration, Oral ; Animals ; Area Under Curve ; Biological Availability ; Drug Carriers ; Drug Delivery Systems ; Humans ; Micelles ; Pharmaceutical Preparations ; administration & dosage ; Poloxamer ; chemistry ; Polyethylene Glycols ; chemistry ; Polymers ; chemistry ; Risperidone ; administration & dosage ; pharmacokinetics ; Silymarin ; administration & dosage ; pharmacokinetics ; Solubility

OBJECTIVETo discuss the best surgical approach to the skull base neoplasms.

METHODSRetrospective analysis the 79 skull base neoplasms cases treated with surgical resection in Qilu hospital of Shandong university from 1992 to 2002. Eleven surgical approaches including midfacial degloving, frontal coronal discission, nasal eversion, maxillary swing, partial maxillary resection, total resection of orbit, mandibular swing, combination of front, temple, preauricular, post aureum, neck, and transoral approaches were used to resect the tumor which involved fossae pterygopalatine, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, antero, meso and posterobasilar region, lobi frontalis and lobi temporalis of cerebrum.

RESULTSSeventy-nine skull base neoplasms were totally removed and no one died from the operation. Although 5 cases complicated with cerebrospinal fluid leak and all recovered within 1 week, no serious cranium-cerebrum complication occurred. In 29 patients with benign tumor including 11 cases of meningioma, 3 cases of chondroma, 1 case of hemangio-meningioma, 1 case of cavernous hemangioma, 2 cases of osteodysplasia fibromas, 9 cases of neurofibroma, 1 case of glomus jugular tumor, 1 case of neurilemmoma, 19 have survived over 5 years and the longest one has survived over 8 years. For 50 patients with malignant tumor including 3 cases of well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, 17 cases of moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, 11 cases of poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, 1 case of undifferentiated carcinoma, 2 cases of chondrosarcoma, 5 cases of canceration of papilloma, 2 cases of adenocarcinoma, 1 case of esthesioneuroblastoma, 2 cases of malignant fibrohistiocytoma, 1 case of fibrosarcoma, 2 cases of malignant mixed tumour, 3 cases of sarcoma survival rates of 3 and 5 years were 59.2% (29/49), 38.5% (10/26) respectively.

CONCLUSIONIn order to resect the tumor completely and reduce the complication and malformation as far as possible, different surgical approaches must be designed according to the pathological changes characters and involved area,and the surgeon should select the shortest approach, avoid to damage the important neurovascular structure, and resect the tumor through the natural anatomy space by the shelter incision.

Adult ; Aged ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Otorhinolaryngologic Surgical Procedures ; methods ; Retrospective Studies ; Skull Base Neoplasms ; surgery

Meloxicam concentration in skin was determined following topical administration of meloxicam patches in hairless mouse. Samples were analysized by HPLC coupled with microdialysis sampling technique, in which in vivo recovery of probe was characterized by the retrodialysis method. It was indicated that the in vivo recovery of the probe was 14.0%. The range of steady state concentration of meloxicam in dialysate was 24-50 ng x mL(-1), and that was 170-360 ng x mL(-1) in the hairless mouse skin. Steady state concentration of meloxicam was reached shortly after the application of meloxicam patches, which was maintained during the period of experiment.
Administration, Cutaneous ; Animals ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors ; administration & dosage ; pharmacokinetics ; Isoenzymes ; antagonists & inhibitors ; Mice ; Mice, Hairless ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Microdialysis ; Skin ; metabolism ; Skin Absorption ; Thiazines ; administration & dosage ; pharmacokinetics ; Thiazoles ; administration & dosage ; pharmacokinetics