BACKGROUND: The rare earth elements (Res) have multiple bio-activities and some extent neurotoxicity, Because of their distinct physical and chemical properties. The studies on neuromuscular junction and sympathet ic ganglia have shown that some Res, such as lanthanum(La), gadolinium (Gd),etc, exert considerable effects on synaptic transmission, but the effects and mechanism of Samarium on synaptic transmission are still unknown.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects and impossible mechanism of Samarium Chloride (SmCl3) on the nicotinic transmission in the isolated sympathetic ganglia, superior cervical ganglion (SCG) of rats.DESIGN: Controlled experimental study based on cells.SETTING: Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Medical University. MATERIALS: Totally 40 adult Wistar rats (weighing 250-300 g) of either sex, provided by the Experimental Animal Center of Guangxi Medical University, were used in this study. SmCl3 was made by the chlorination of Samarium Oxide with purity 99.5% and relative molecule mass 348.7, presented by Professor Liu Da-yuan, Guangxi Medical University. Acetylcholine chloride (Ach) and carbachol (Carb) were purchased from Sigma.METHODS: The experiment was completed at the neuropharmacology lab of the experimental center of Guangxi Medical University from September 2001 to December 2002. After sacrificing animals by acute exsanguination,SCG together with their preganglionic nerve trunks were isolated rapidly,then transferred to the recording chamber, the preganglionic nerve trunk was drawn into a suction electrode for orthodromic stimulation. The ganglia were superfused continuously with a Krebs solution, saturated with 950 mL/L 02 and 5mL/L CO2, pH 7.4±0.05, (34±0.5) ℃.The fiber containing glass microelectrodes filled with 3 mol/L KC1 (30-60 MΩ tip resistance) were used to impaled cells and do intracellular recording. The fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials (FEPSPs) were evoked in SCG neurons by single pulse stimulations (0.2-0.5 Hz, 0.5-1.0 ms, 2-10 V)on preganglionic nerve trunk. The remarkable membrane depolarization would be recorded in SCG neurons by superfusing ganglia with exogenous Ach (0.1 mmol/L) or Carb(0.1 mmol/L) for 30-60 s. The effects of 1×(10-7-10-4) mol/L SmCl3 on FEPSPs, membrane potentials, membrane resistance, exogenous Ach and Carb-induced membrane depolarization of SCG neurons were investigated in this experiment.The effects of SmCl3 on the facilitation of high Ca2+ (10 mmol/L ) on FEPSPs were also be observed, namely, first superfusing the ganglia with high Ca2+ (10 mmol/L)to facilitate FEPSPs, then superfusing the ganglia with Ca2+(10 mmol/L)contained SmCl3. All the drugs were solved in Krebs solution or improved Krebs solution and applied to ganglia by superfusion in known concentration.The bioelectricity difference before and after the drug superfusion were analyzed by paired Student's t test.MAIN OUTCOME MESURES: ①Effects of SmCl3 on FEPSPs.②Effects of SmCl3 on membrane potentials and membrane resistances. ③Effects of SmCl3 on exogenous Ach and Carb-induced membrane depolarization. ④Effects of SmCl3 on the facilitation of high Ca2+ (10 mmol/L ) on FEPSPs.RESULTS: ① 1 ×(10-7-10-4)mol/L SmCl3 could reversibly depressed the FEPSPs of rats SCG neurons [the amplitude inhibitory percentage of FEPSPs of l×10-4, 1×10-5, 1×10-6, 1×107 mol/L SmCl3 was (49.78±13.85)%(n=20),(39.05±4.05)%(n=10),(29.83±9.73)%(n=10)and (16.30±2.16)%(n=10)respectively (P ＜ 0.05-0.01)].1×10-4 mol/L SmCl3 could chang Aps into FEPSPs (n=5).②The membrane depolarization induced by Ach (n=5) and Carb (n=7) were not significantly changed by 1×10-4 mol/L SmCl3(P ＞ 0.05).③The membrane potential and membrane resistance were not significantly altered by 1×(10-7-10-4)mol/L SmCl3(n=67), P ＞ 0.05. ④1×10-4 mol/L SmCl3 could antagonized the facilitation of high Ca2+ (10 mmol/L ) on FEPSPs (n=5), P ＜ 0.01.CONCLUSION: SmCl3 can depresses nicotinic transmission in rats sympathetic ganglia by presynaptic mechanisms, perhaps due to its inhibition on Ca2+ influx.

Objective To investigate the expression of high mobility group A1 (HMGA1) in patients with lung squamous cancer and its clinical significance.Methods The expression of HMGA1 in 76 patients with lung squamous cancer (lung squamous cancer group) and 30 cases of control lung tissue (control group) was detected by SP method of immunohistochemistry and its correlation with clinical-pathological parameter was analyzed statistically.Results The positive expression rate of HMGA1 was 68.4％ (52/76)and 16.7％ (5/30) in lung squamous cancer group and control group respectively,and the difference was significant(P＜ 0.01).HMGA1 expression showed significant correlation with lymph metastasis and degree of differentiation in patients with lung squamous cancer (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The progression of lung squamous cancer may correlate with the increase of HMGA1 expression.It's promising for HMGA1 to become a new marker for diagnosis of lung squamous cancer.Clinical detecting of HMGA1 could help with prognosis and treatment-guiding of lung squamous cancer.

Objective To study the relationship among hydrops fetalis(over 28 gestational weeks),Mirror syndrome and preeclampsia(PE). Methods Clinical data of 13 cases of hydrops fetalis were analyzed and relative publications were reviewed. Results Eight out of the 13 cases were diagnosed as PE,and 5 were Mirror syndrome.Serious maternal complications occurred in all cases with either Mirror syndrome or PE. ConclusionsFetaland placental hydrops was closely related with maternal symptoms.Clinicians should be aware of this condition and detect Mirror syndrome in time so as to prevent its progress to PE.However,the pathogenic mechanism remains to be fully elucidated.More attention should be paid to both mothers and the hydrops fetalis.

Surgical treatment is an important method for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) when it is complicated with other intestinal diseases or medical treatment fails.The appropriate timing of surgery can reduce the incidence of postoperative complications and is the key factor for the success of treatment.Excessive emphasis on medication and blindly extending the course of medication in case of invalidation will make patients lose the best opportunity of surgery.Surgeons should master different surgical techniques of acute and selective surgeries for IBD.Multi-disciplinary treatment mode is recommended.Adjustment of the preoperative medication,improvement of the nutritional status and the overall condition of the patients are necessary when surgery is unavoidable.

Objective:To observe the expressions of MTA1 mRNA and ki67 in breast cancer tissue and to investigate the relation between the two indexs and their correlation with the invasion ability of breast cancer.Methods:The expressions of MTA1 mRNA and ki67 were detected by ISH and IHC,respectively.And their correlation was analysed.Results:The expressions of MTA1 mRNA and ki67 in the poorly differentiated group of breast cancer were significantly higher than that in the moderately and well differentiated groups (P

Objective To investigate IL-6 and CRP levels,and their relationship with airflow obstruction、frequency of exacerbation in patients with COPD.Methods From Feb.2004 to Jul.2004,sputum and serum specimens were obtained from 54 patients with stable COPD and 10 age-matched healthy controls.The concentrations of sputum IL-6 and serum IL-6 were measured by ELISA.The concentrations of sputum CRP and serum CRP were measured by transmissive heterometric titration.Results (1)Sputum IL-6 levels in COPD patients of all stages were higher than those in controls(P

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the status quo of the use of Chinese patent medicines in our hospital and to put forward the coping strategies.METHODS:The data about the consumption of Chinese patent medicines in our hospital during the period of 2002～2006 obtained from medical information platform were analyzed in respect of consumption sum,DDDs,and DDC using the method of DDDs sequence and the method in pharmacoeconomics.RESULTS:The use of Chinese patent medicines in our hospital during 2002～2006 took on an obvious rising trend.CONCLUSION:The utilization of Chinese patent medicines in our hospital is rational basically.The Chinese patent medicines with suitable prices and proved efficacy take a great share in the clinical application.However,there are still some problems remain to be standardized.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the utilization and development trend of heat-clearing drugs(HCDs) in our hospital so as to provide references for rational drug use and reasonable drug purchase.METHODS: The consumption quantity and consumption sum of HCDs during the period 2006～2007 were investigated,and the DDDs and daily consumption sum of HCDs were analyzed using DDDs sequence analytical method.RESULTS: The consumption quantity of HCDs in the hospital during 2006～2007 showed a steady increase and the DDDs of HCDs increased synchronously.CONCLUSION: The utilization status of HCDs in the hospital is basically in consistent with national drug consumption tendency.

The antiviral drugs can quickly and directly inhibit influenza virus infection, at present, for influenza virus and replication proteins conserved sites of drugs is the main methods of influenza virus resistance;secondly, traditional Chinese medicine treatment of influenza virus also has an important role;in addition, new technology especially small RNAs mediated RNA interference (RNAi), because of its is efficient, specific and rapid, has become one of the candidate methods for antiviral therapy.

Clinical communication skills are the one of seven lowest requirements of global medical education.This review emphasizes the importance of cultivating communication skills in general medical,indicates the defections of curriculum installation and discusses the training mode and examination mechanism.