China ; Humans ; Immunization Programs ; Poliomyelitis ; prevention & control ; Poliovirus Vaccines ; administration & dosage

Acute Disease ; Atrial Fibrillation ; diagnosis ; etiology ; therapy ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Electrocardiography ; Humans ; Infant ; Myocarditis ; complications ; virology ; Virus Diseases ; complications

Acupuncture Therapy ; Adult ; Catgut ; utilization ; Female ; Humans ; Lactation ; Lactation Disorders ; physiopathology ; therapy ; Postpartum Period ; physiology ; Qi ; Young Adult

Achalasia is a rare primary oesophageal motility disorder that presents as a functional obstruction at the oesophago-gastric junction. The prevalence of achalasia in Down syndrome is much higher, which implies a unique association between these two uncommon conditions. Although the exact aetiology of achalasia is unknown, studies have proposed that its pathogenesis is related to autoimmune, infectious or genetic factors, leading to the intrinsic loss of inhibitory myenteric neurons in both the oesophagus and lower oesophageal sphincter. We herein report the case of a 16-month-old girl with Down syndrome and achalasia who was initially treated for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. The diagnosis of achalasia was made only when her condition deteriorated, with subsequent failure to thrive, and upon further investigations, including barium swallow study and upper endoscopy. We also review the various mechanisms postulated in the development of achalasia in Down syndrome, as well as the various treatment modalities available for this rare disorder.
Airway Obstruction ; Body Weight ; Down Syndrome ; complications ; diagnosis ; Esophageal Achalasia ; complications ; diagnosis ; Female ; Fluoroscopy ; Gastroesophageal Reflux ; complications ; diagnosis ; Humans ; Infant ; Karyotyping

BACKGROUND:Currently, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cel s can differentiate into nerve cel s via many approaches. Different methods for inducing bone marrow mesenchymal stem cel s differentiating into nerve cel s have different ratios. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the difference between chemical method and co-culture method to induce the differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cel s into nerve cel s. METHODS:Rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cel s were isolated and purified using whole bone marrow culture method, and then randomly divided into two groups:chemical group,β-mercaptoethanol was added;co-culture group, co-cultured in a Transwel chamber. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Visible protrusions from induced cel s showed radiation growth at 1 week of induced culture, and neuron-specific enolase staining was positive at 2 weeks of culture. Star-like structure of nerve cel s was visible in the co-culture group within 4-5 days of culture, and then more protrusions formed. Meanwhile, the positive rate of neuron-specific enolase was (70.82±2.46)%. After 6-7 days of culture, neuron-like cel s formed and were interconnected in the chemical group;while, the positive rate of neuron-specific enolase was (52.37±1.83)%. These findings suggest that cel microenvironment plays a leading role in the differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cel s into nerve cel s, and chemical induction method is inferior to the co-culture method.

Objective To observe the safety and efficacy of the SLIPA mask airway in the cesarean section operation under general anesthesia.Methods Fifty single birth pregnant women who underwent cesarean operation under general anesthesia were randomized into 2 groups.SLIPA mask group(group S,25 cases)and endotracheal intubation(ETT)group(group T,25 cases).Mean arterial pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),partial pressure of carbon dioxide in end expired gas(P_(ET)CO_2),peak airway pressure(Paw)were measured before induction of anesthesia,just before intubation,2min after intubation,just before extubation,2 min after extubation.Bucking,style,reflow,vomiting,aspiration were observed at inmbation or SLIPA mask airway insertion,before and after extubation and intraoperative.Umbilical arteries and veins blood were collected at delivery for the blood gas analysis.All delivery times,operation time and Apgar scores at 1,5 min were recorded.Results The successful rate ofthe first time intubation was 100% in group S,there was 2 cases by the second time intubation in group T.There Was 3 cases with gently air leak,but no influence on respiratory management.After intubation and extubation,MAP and HR increased significantly in group T (P<0.05),while group S had no significant change.There was no occurrence of bucking,style,reflow,vomiting,aspiration intmoperative,but 17 cages occurred at extubation in group T.The incidence and degree of sore throat in group T(10 cases after 2 hours and 6 cases after 24 hours) were significantly higher than those in group S(P<0.05).The Apgar scores at 1,5 min and delivery times were not significant between the two groups(P>0.05).Conclusion There is less adverse effects of SLIPA mask airway than ETT under general anesthesia in the cesarean section operation,SLIPA mask airway is safe and efficacious.

Objective To study MRI characteristics of the gray matter lesions in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, and to investigate the occult damage in normal appearing gray matter (NAGM) by quantitative analysis using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Methods Conventional brain MRI and DTI were performed in 34 clinically defined MS patients and 25 non-MS healthy volunteers. Main signs of the GMlesions detected by conventional MRI were analyzed, including the distribution, numbers, shape, size,signal intensity and enhanced pattern. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and fractional anisotropy (FA) values derived by DTI were measured in normal appearing deep gray matter for all participants and the differences between the two groups were compared. Results MRI examination revealed 83 lesions in cerebral gray matter, 18. 7% of the total 443 lesions. The GM lesions distributed over all brain lobes especially in frontal lobe, temporal lobe, and thalamus. Thirty-four, 60, 78, and 36 plaques were detected on T1WI, T,2WI, FLAIR, and reconstructed DWI images, respectively. Nine small lesions were identified on DWI more easily than on T2WI and FALIR. The ADC values of the head of caudatum (8. 0±0. 7) ×10-4mm2/s, t=-3.079, P<0.05), putamen (7.4±0.5)× 10-4mm2/s, t= -2.564, P<0.05),and thalamus (7.7± 0. 4) × 10-4mm<'2>/s, t = -2. 722, P < 0. 05) in MS group were significantly higher than those in healthy controls [ the ADC values of head of candatum (7.4 ± 0. 6) × 10-4 mm2/s, putamen(7.0±0.5) ×10-4 mm2/s,and thalamus(7.2±0.7)×10-4mm2/s]. Conclusions This study confirms the presence of GM damage in MS. It shows MRI characteristics of the macro-lesions, and combination of FLAIR and DWI can improve the detection of GM lesions. Occult micro-change in NAGM can be evaluated by using DTI quantitative analysis.

Adrenomedullin ; metabolism ; Child ; Endothelin-1 ; metabolism ; Female ; Heart Defects, Congenital ; complications ; Humans ; Hypertension ; metabolism ; Hypertension, Pulmonary ; metabolism ; Male ; Nitric Oxide ; metabolism

Child ; Child Nutrition Disorders ; therapy ; Child, Preschool ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant Food ; standards ; Infant Formula ; methods ; Infant, Newborn

BACKGROUND: Nano-hydroxyapatite has been widely used as reconstructive and prosthetic material for osseous tissue, owing to its excellent biocompatibility and bioactivity. But, its brittleness is one of the most serious obstacles for its wider applications as load-bearing implants. Therefore, hydroxyapatite/chitosan composites have been widely studied as bone substitute, due to their excellent biocompatibUity and suitable mechanical properties.OBJECTIVE: To review various preparation methods of hydroxya patite/chitosan composites and the development trend in this field.METHODS: Articles were searched in Medline Database (1995-01/2009-03), VIP Database (1995-01/2009-03) and "qinghuatongfang" Database (1995-01/2009-03) with the keywords of "nano-hydroxyapatite, chitosan, preparation, development trend".RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Total 2 034 related articles were collected, including 1 634 in Chinese and 670 in English. Following excluding earilier published, duplicate, and similar studies, we brought into 37 sub-standard literatures. Hydroxyapatite/chitosan composite in nanometer size, with similar structure as natural bone, has better biological function compared with corresponding micrometer composite. Simultaneously, optimized material composition, structure and technology will obtain more suitable bone substitute in mechanical property compared with natural bone. This paper reviews preparation methods at home and abroad in recent years, with the rapid development of biological materials, hydroxyapatite compositematerials have been wisely used in bone tissue repair and replacement surgery, but its poor mechanical properties limits its clinical application.