This study reports the influence of miotics (pilocarpine) on the visual field by comparing two visual fields, one at the miotic state and the other at normal pupil size. The measurements from the Goldmann perimetry test of 10 ocular hypertensive eyes (7 patients) and 10 glaucomatous eyes (8 patients) were used. The visual field was analyzed using an Esterman grid for functional estimation and section paper for gross evaluation. The results were as follows; 1. A decrease in pupillary size eaused not only a decrease in the gross visual field but also a reduction in the functional visual field. 2. The pupillary size did not influence absolute scotoma.
Glaucoma/drug therapy ; Humans ; Pilocarpine/*pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Visual Fields/*drug effects

Color Doppler imaging (CDI) was carried out to evaluate the effects of anti-glaucoma drugs on ophthalmic circulation using CDI-derived resistive index (RI) values. CDI was performed on nine Beagle dogs, and RI values were calculated for the medial long posterior ciliary artery before and after the administration of anti-glaucoma drugs. A significant increase in RI values was found after topical administration of levobunolol (p < 0.05) or dipivefrin (p < 0.05). Pilocarpine showed no effects on RI values after topical administration. The results suggest that some anti-glaucoma drugs could affect ophthalmic blood flow.
Adrenergic Agonists/pharmacology ; Animals ; Ciliary Arteries/*drug effects/*ultra ; Dogs ; Epinephrine/analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use ; Eye/*blood supply ; Female ; Glaucoma/*drug therapy ; Levobunolol/therapeutic use ; Male ; Ocular Physiological Phenomena ; Pilocarpine/therapeutic use ; Ultra ; *Vascular Resistance

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the efficacy of brain-targeted rapamycin (T-Rap) in treatment of epilepsy in rats. METHODS: Rapamycin nanoparticles targeting brain were prepared. The epilepsy model was induced by injection of pilocarpine in rats. The rats with pilocarpine-induced epilepsy were treated with rapamycin (Rap group) or brain-targeted rapamycin (T-Rap group). Seizure activity was observed by electroencephalography; the effect on mTOR signaling pathway was detected by Western blot; neuronal death and moss fiber sprouting were analyzed by Fluoro-Jade B (FJB) and Timm's staining, respectively. RESULTS: Electroencephalography showed that both preparation of rapamycin significantly reduced the frequency of spontaneous seizures in rats, and the effect of T-Rap was stronger than that of conventional rapamycin (<0.05). Western blot showed that the phosphorylation levels of S6K and S6 in T-Rap group were lower than those in Rap group (all <0.05), indicating that T-Rap had a stronger inhibitory effect on mTOR signaling pathway. FJB staining showed that T-Rap significantly decreased neuronal death, but there was no significant difference as compared with Rap group. Timm's staining showed that both preparations of rapamycin significantly reduced the germination of mossy fibers, while the effect of T-Rap was more pronounced than Rap group (<0.05). The inhibition of body weight gain of T-Rap group was less than that of Rap group (<0.05). CONCLUSIONS T-Rap has a better therapeutic effect on epilepsy than conventional rapamycin with a less adverse effects in rats.
Animals ; Brain ; drug effects ; Disease Models, Animal ; Epilepsy ; chemically induced ; drug therapy ; Neurons ; drug effects ; Pilocarpine ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Signal Transduction ; drug effects ; Sirolimus ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Treatment Outcome