PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of topical pilocarpine on basic tear secretion, using the Schirmer test. METHODS: The Schirmer test was performed in 22 eyes of 11 healthy volunteers before instillation and at 10, 20, and 30 minutes after instillation of 1% pilocarpine and in 22 eyes of 12 healthy volunteers before instillation and at 10, 20, and 30 minutes after instillation of 2% pilocarpine. As for control group, the Schirmer test was performed in 22 eyes of 11 healthy volunteers by the same method except with normal saline. RESULTS: The ratio of tear secretion was calculated by dividing the wet length of a Schirmer strip after instillation by the wet length before instillation for comparative analysis. In the control group, the mean ratio decreased with time to 0.78 at 10 minutes, 0.64 at 20 minutes, and 0.63 at 30 minutes after instillation of normal saline. In the 1% pilocarpine group, the mean ratio decreased with time, but there was no significant difference in comparison to the ratio of the control group. In the 2% pilocarpine group, the ratio increased significantly to 1.28 (p<0.001) at 10 minutes, 1.07 (p=0.002) at 20 minutes, and decreased to 0.63 (p=0.041) at 30 minutes after instillation. CONCLUSIONS: The basic tear secretion did not change significantly after instillation of 1% pilocarpine but increased significantly at 10 minutes after instillation of 2% pilocarpine to the highest level observed, which was followed by a decrease in basic tear secretion.
Healthy Volunteers ; Pilocarpine* ; Tears*

The times of uptake and release of pilocarpine solution by soft contact lenses were studied with spectrophometer in vitro. The uptake time was about 30 minutes and the releasing time was stationary after 30 minutes. The lower concentriction of pilocarpine solution was generally rapid uptake and release than higher.
Contact Lenses, Hydrophilic* ; Pilocarpine*

No abstract available.
Neurosyphilis ; Pilocarpine ; Tonic Pupil

The changes in the choroidal blood flow induced by the intravenously administered miotics (pilocarpine, 1mg/kg) and mydriatics(atropine, O.1mg/kg) were investigated in rabbits with the use of the blood flow measuring apparatus according to the principle of Grayson's internal calorimetry, thermistors as sensing elements. Atropine caused slow increase in the choroidal blood flow after transient decrease, the maximal increase being about 85% of the pre-injection level. Pilocarpine also produced moderate increase of the blood flow by more than 100% of the original level. From these data it is concluded that both atropine and pilocarpine caused significant increase in the choroidal blood flow in rabbit.
Atropine ; Calorimetry ; Choroid* ; Miotics ; Pilocarpine ; Rabbits*

Two cases of typical granular corneal dystrophy, a girl of 22 years old and her younger brother of 18 years old, were observed clinically. Considerably active reaction of the pilocarpine test was observed on the case and the result was evaluated. References which cover various aspects of the corneal dystrophy were reviewed.
Adolescent ; Female ; Humans ; Pilocarpine ; Siblings ; Young Adult

In order to research the clinical utility of Pilogel(R), we administered Pilogel(R) to 13 POAG(primary open angle glaucoma) patients once daily for four weeks and measured the degree of intraocular pressure reduction and accompanying side effects three days after; one week after; two weeks after; three weeks after and four weeks administration. 1. Administration of Pilogel(R) single dose at bed time produced the same effect of intraocular pressure reduction as that of 4% Pilocarpine eye drop four times a day. 2. Up to four weeks of daily administration of Pilogel(R) did not produced tachyphylaxis. 3. Degree of intraocular pressure reduction after administration of Pilogel(R) was maintained at the almost same level from days 3 up to 4 weeks. 4. The intraocular pressure reduction effect with pilogel(R) was maintained at the constant level for 18 hours following administration of it. 5. Once a day regimen of Pilogel(R) was proven to be more comfortable than the 4 times a day regimen of pilocarpine eye drop. And the side effect of Pilogel(R) was no greater than that of pilocarpine eye drop.
Glaucoma* ; Humans ; Intraocular Pressure ; Pilocarpine* ; Tachyphylaxis

For the management of glaucoma it is essential to be well acquainted with the administered drugs-especially with their modes of action as well as any adverse reactions that may be involved. We should precisely determine the types of the disease and administer adequate drugs to control promptly. When expected effects are not obtained. However, we should immediately substitute other drugs for the previous ones and try to treat by medical therapy if possible. Furthermore, it is important to consider the education of the patients carefully in order to cooperate with doctor's instructions, therefore preventing blindness caused by glaucoma. Recently, newer drugs such as Dipinefrine and Timolol. Which are not only more potent than Pilocarpine and Epinephrine even in lower concentrations but have fewer adverse reactions, were developed and have been partly used. In the future, these drugs may be commonly used. However, a more through investigation is still needed to justify their widespread use.
Blindness ; Education ; Epinephrine ; Glaucoma ; Humans ; Pilocarpine ; Timolol

Using albino rabbits, auther studied pupillary response on various drugs after destruction of ciliary ganglion or its post ganglionic fibers. Right eye was used as experimental group and left eye was used as control group. After destruction of ciliary ganglion or its post ganglionic fibers on right eye, right pupil was larger than the left. By cocaine and mydriacyl test, intactness of sympathetic channel was confirmed and by 0.125% and 1% pilocarpine test, supersensitivity of right pupillary sphincter was demonstrated. So, the auther think 0.125% pilocarpine test is a useful method to test supersensitivity of the sphincter after destruction of parasympathetic channel.
Cocaine ; Ganglion Cysts* ; Pilocarpine ; Pupil* ; Rabbits

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of cholinergics on the survival and production of nitric oxide (NO) in the cultured ciliary muscle cells. METHODS: Primarily cultured porcine ciliary muscle cells were exposed to the pilocarpine and to the atropine at various concentrations for 24 hours. The cellular survival was assessed by rapid colormetric assay (MTT assay) and the production of nitrite was measured by Griess reaction. NO production was measured after co-administration of pilocarpine and atropine. RESULTS: Cultured ciliary muscle cells expressed alpha-smooth muscle actin. Both pilocarpine and atropine did not affect the cellular survival (p>0.05). Pilocarpine decreased the production of NO significantly from 10 micro M (p<0.05). Atropine increased NO production from 1 micro M and inhibited pilocarpine-induced inhibition of NO production. CONCLUSIONS: Pilocarpine decreases the production of NO that abolished by atropine in the ciliary muscle cells. Pilocarpine may constrict the ciliary muscle by inhibiting production of NO and decrease uveoscleral outflow subsequently.
Actins ; Atropine ; Cholinergic Agents* ; Muscle Cells* ; Nitric Oxide* ; Pilocarpine

We assessed the combined effects of dapiprazole, an alpha-adrenergic receptor blocker, with pilocarpine. direct-acting parasympathomimetics, on reversing mydriasis and cycloplegia in 40 eyes (20 subjects) who received 1% tropicamide or 2.5% phenylephrine for pupillary dilation and cycloplegic refraction. These results were compared to 40 eyes (20 subjects) that received dapiprazole alone. The study was divided into four groups, each of which consisted of 20 eyes that received either 1% tropicamide or 0.5% phenylephrine followed by instillation of 0.5% dapiprazole alone or in combination with 2% pilocarpine. A significant difference in the reduction of pupil size and the increase in accommodative amplitude has been observed between the groups that received dapiprazole alone and those received both dapiprazole and pilocarpine(p<0.001). These results suggest that dapiprazole and pilocarpine eyedrops have additive effects on reversing both mydriasis and cycloplegia after instillation of 1% tropicamide or 2.5% phenylephrine for pupillary dilation and cycloplegic refraction.
Mydriasis* ; Ophthalmic Solutions ; Parasympathomimetics ; Phenylephrine ; Pilocarpine* ; Pupil ; Tropicamide