1.Molecular Strain Typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a Review of Frequently Used Methods.
Phyu Win EI ; Wah Wah AUNG ; Jong Seok LEE ; Go Eun CHOI ; Chulhun L CHANG
Journal of Korean Medical Science 2016;31(11):1673-1683
Tuberculosis, caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, remains one of the most serious global health problems. Molecular typing of M. tuberculosis has been used for various epidemiologic purposes as well as for clinical management. Currently, many techniques are available to type M. tuberculosis. Choosing the most appropriate technique in accordance with the existing laboratory conditions and the specific features of the geographic region is important. Insertion sequence IS6110-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis is considered the gold standard for the molecular epidemiologic investigations of tuberculosis. However, other polymerase chain reaction-based methods such as spacer oligonucleotide typing (spoligotyping), which detects 43 spacer sequence-interspersing direct repeats (DRs) in the genomic DR region; mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units–variable number tandem repeats, (MIRU-VNTR), which determines the number and size of tandem repetitive DNA sequences; repetitive-sequence-based PCR (rep-PCR), which provides high-throughput genotypic fingerprinting of multiple Mycobacterium species; and the recently developed genome-based whole genome sequencing methods demonstrate similar discriminatory power and greater convenience. This review focuses on techniques frequently used for the molecular typing of M. tuberculosis and discusses their general aspects and applications.
Base Sequence
;
Dermatoglyphics
;
Genome
;
Global Health
;
Methods*
;
Molecular Typing
;
Mycobacterium tuberculosis*
;
Mycobacterium*
;
Polymerase Chain Reaction
;
Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length
;
Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
;
Tandem Repeat Sequences
;
Tuberculosis
2.Evaluation of the QuantaMatrix Multiplexed Assay Platform for Molecular Diagnosis of Multidrug- and Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Using Clinical Strains Isolated in Myanmar
Yunhee CHANG ; Seoyong KIM ; Yeun KIM ; Phyu Win EI ; Dasom HWANG ; Jongseok LEE ; Chulhun L CHANG ; Hyeyoung LEE
Annals of Laboratory Medicine 2020;40(2):142-147
BACKGROUND:
Although the incidence of tuberculosis (TB) is decreasing, cases of multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) TB continue to increase. As conventional phenotype drug susceptibility testing (pDST) takes six to eight weeks, molecular assays are widely used to determine drug resistance. we developed QuantaMatrix Multiplexed Assay Platform (QMAP) MDR/XDR assay (QuantaMatrix Inc., Seoul, Korea) that can simultaneously detect mutations related to both first- and second-line drug resistance (rifampin, isoniazid, ethambutol, fluoroquinolones, second-line injectable drugs, and streptomycin).
METHODS:
We used 190 clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) strains isolated from Myanmar, compared QMAP and pDST results, and determined concordance rates. Additionally, we performed sequence analyses for discordant results.
RESULTS:
QMAP results were 87.9% (167/190) concordant with pDST results. In the 23 isolates with discordant results, the QMAP and DNA sequencing results completely matched.
CONCLUSIONS
The QMAP MDR/XDR assay can detect all known DNA mutations associated with drug resistance for both MDR- and XDR-MTB strains. It can be used for molecular diagnosis of MDR- and XDR-TB to rapidly initiate appropriate anti-TB drug therapy.
3.Divergence insufficiency, thyroid disease
Khine Mi Mi Ko ; Win Kyawt Khin ; Kyaw Linn ; Aye Mya Min Aye ; Chaw Su Hlaing ; Aye Mu Sann ; Hnin Wint Wint Aung ; Myo Thiri Swe ; Cho Thair ; Yi Yi Mar ; Nway Nway ; Phyu Phyu Myint ; Ei Hnin Kyu
Neurology Asia 2018;23(3):283-286
Dengue viruses are single-stranded RNA viruses
of the Flavivirus genus. It is a common viral
infection worldwide, especially in tropical
regions. Various neurological manifestations
such as encephalitis, encephalopathy, meningitis,
acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)
acute viral myositis, Guillain–Barré syndrome
and others are increasingly reported. However,
acute haemorrhagic encephalitis is a very rare
presentation. Currently, there are only few
previous case reports
4.Phenotypic and Genotypic Analysis of Anti-Tuberculosis Drug Resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates in Myanmar.
Wah Wah AUNG ; Phyu Win EI ; Wint Wint NYUNT ; Thyn Lei SWE ; Thandar LWIN ; Mi Mi HTWE ; Kyung Jun KIM ; Jong Seok LEE ; Chang Ki KIM ; Sang Nae CHO ; Sun Dae SONG ; Chulhun L CHANG
Annals of Laboratory Medicine 2015;35(5):494-499
BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most serious health problems in Myanmar. Because TB drug resistance is associated with genetic mutation(s) relevant to responses to each drug, genotypic methods for detecting these mutations have been proposed to overcome the limitations of classic phenotypic drug susceptibility testing (DST). We explored the current estimates of drug-resistant TB and evaluated the usefulness of genotypic DST in Myanmar. METHODS: We determined the drug susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from sputum smear-positive patients with newly diagnosed pulmonary TB at two main TB centers in Myanmar during 2013 by using conventional phenotypic DST and the GenoType MTBDRplus assay (Hain Lifescience, Germany). Discrepant results were confirmed by sequencing the genes relevant to each type of resistance (rpoB for rifampicin; katG and inhA for isoniazid). RESULTS: Of 191 isolates, phenotypic DST showed that 27.7% (n=53) were resistant to at least one first-line drug and 20.9% (n=40) were resistant to two or more, including 18.3% (n=35) multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) strains. Monoresistant strains accounted for 6.8% (n=13) of the samples. Genotypic assay of 189 isolates showed 17.5% (n=33) MDR-TB and 5.3% (n=10) isoniazid-monoresistant strains. Genotypic susceptibility results were 99.5% (n=188) concordant and agreed almost perfectly with phenotypic DST (kappa=0.99; 95% confidence interval 0.96-1.01). CONCLUSIONS: The results highlight the burden of TB drug resistance and prove the usefulness of the genotypic DST in Myanmar.
Drug Resistance*
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Genotype
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Humans
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Myanmar*
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis*
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Rifampin
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Sputum
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Tuberculosis