Aims: Plant extracts are a rich source of natural compounds that have some degree of antimicrobial efficacy and have less side effects compared to antibiotics. The aim of this research was to screen the phytochemical compounds and investigate the potency of Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe rhizome (CZR) extracts to inhibit the growth and biofilm formation of some pathogenic bacteria. Methodology and results: Antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects of CZR extracts in different solvents were examined by agar well diffusion and the broth microdilution method after phytochemical screening. The 95% ethanolic extract of CZR exhibited broad-spectrum antibacterial properties against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria with inhibition zones of 7.25 ± 0.58-12.00 ± 0.26 mm and MIC values ranging from 50-200 mg/mL. The extract also showed rapid bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities towards Enterococcus faecalis DMST 4736 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 by time-kill assays. Moreover, the 95% ethanolic extracts of CZR also acted as a potent anti-biofilm agent against E. faecalis DMST 4736, S. aureus ATCC 25923, S. epidermidis, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and Proteus mirabilis DMST 8212 (54.62 ± 0.30-71.25 ± 0.20% inhibition of biofilm formation). The bioactive potency of compounds of the crude 95% ethanolic extract (tannins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, steroids, terpenoids and alkaloids) play important roles in the observed antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities. Conclusion, significance and impact of study Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe extract had broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. The ethanolic CZR extract revealed bacteriostatic and bactericidal capacities, depending on time of exposure and concentration of the extracts. Thus, the present results indicate that C. zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe rhizomes are a potential natural alternative antibacterial agent for preventing bacterial diseases.
Phytochemicals--analysis ; Curcuma

The non-starch polysaccharides,mainly composed of glucomannans,are the major bioactive compounds in Dendrobium catenatum. In order to evaluate the quality of the medicinal materials and guide the production and processing,a quantification method of non-starch polysaccharides was established by stems of D. catenatum C15 strain collected from the pear epiphytic cultivation. The non-starch polysaccharides were obtained by " water extraction,α-amylase pretreatment,and alcohol precipitation once" method. The contents of starches,non-starch polysaccharides and monosaccharides were analyzed. In addition,the system suitability was tested. Compared with method of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia( 2015 edition),the contents of total polysaccharides,glucose,and mannose were decreased by 20. 9%,58. 8% and 1. 6% respectively. The method effectively digested starch and retained non-starch polysaccharides,and the analysis result was accurate and repeatable. Therefore,it is suitable for the content measurement of non-starch polysaccharides of D. catenatum. Furthermore,it could be an alternative method for quality control of D. catenatum and a reference in the determination of non-starch polysaccharides in other starch-containing medicinal materials.
Dendrobium ; chemistry ; Monosaccharides ; analysis ; Phytochemicals ; analysis ; Polysaccharides ; analysis ; Starch ; analysis

Ten phenylpropanoid amides were isolated from the whole plants of Corydalis edulis Maxim. by various of column chromatographies including silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, and ODS. Their structures were identified on the basis of physicochemical properties, MS, NMR, and IR spectroscopic data. These compounds were identified as N-trans-sinapoyl-3-methoxytyramine-4'-O-β-glucoside(1), N-trans-sinapoyl-3-methoxytyramine(2), N-trans-sinapoyltyramine(3), N-trans-p-coumaroyltyramine(4), N-trans-sinapoyl-7-hydroxytyramine(5), N-cis-feruloyltyramine(6), N-cis-p-coumaroyltyramine(7), N-trans-feruloyltyramine(8), N-trans-feruloyl-3-methoxytyramine(9), and N-trans-feruloyl-7-hydroxytyramine(10). Compound 1 is a new compound. Compounds 2-7 are obtained from the plants of Papaveraceae for the first time, while compounds 8-10 are firstly isolated from C. edulis.
Amides ; analysis ; Corydalis ; chemistry ; Glucosides ; analysis ; Phytochemicals ; analysis ; Tyramine ; analysis

The present study is to establish a quantitative analysis of multi-components by single marker(QAMS) for determining contents of seven compositions in Alismatis Rhizoma, alismoxide, alisol C 23-acetate, alisol A, alismol, alisol B, alisol B 23-acetate and 11-deoxy-alisol B. Six relative correction factors(RCFs) of alismoxide, alisol C 23-acetate, alisol A, alismol, alisol B and 11-deoxy-alisol B were established in the UPLC method with alisol B 23-acetate as the internal standard, which was to calculate the mass fraction of each. The mass fraction of seven effective constituents in Alismatis Rhizoma was calculated by the external standard method(ESM) at the same time. Compared with the content results determined by the ESM and QAMS, the feasibility and accuracy of QAMS method were verified. Within the linear range, the RCFs of alismoxide, alisol C 23-acetate, alisol A, alismol, alisol B, 11-deoxy-alisol B were 0.946, 4.183, 0.915, 1.039, 0.923 and 1.244, respectively, with good repeatability in different experimental conditions. There was no significant difference between the QAMS method and ESM method. Then, QAMS method was applied to determination of the different degree Alismatis Rhizoma from different areas. As a result, the concentrations of 7 components have differences in different areas, but no significant differences in different grades. The QAMS method is feasible and accurate for the determination of the seven chemical compositions, and which can be used for quality control of Alismatis Rhizoma.
Alismatales ; chemistry ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; Phytochemicals ; analysis ; Rhizome ; chemistry

Eight compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate extraction of Prunus mume by column chromatography. On the basis of physicochemical properties and spectrum analysis, these compounds were identified as isoquercitrin-6″-O-benzoate(1), pinoresinol(2), naringin(3), ethyl-β-D-glucopyranoside(4), astragalin(5), quercetin(6), hypericin(7), and rutin(8). Among them, compound 1 was a new natural product, and compounds 2-5 were isolated from this plant for the first time. In vitro study, compounds 1, 3, 5-8 could significantly increase the cell survival ratio.
Acetates ; Phytochemicals/analysis* ; Plant Extracts/chemistry* ; Prunus/chemistry* ; Solvents

In this paper, five field density treatments were set up in the field plot experiment, which were 2 500,3 000,5 000,6 660,8 000 plants/mu(1 mu≈667 m~2). The agronomic traits, economic traits, mineral element absorption and the content of effective components of Chrysanthemum morifolium under different densities were studied. The results showed that dense planting could significantly reduce the number of secondary branches of Ch. morifolium and the yield per plant, but significantly increase the population yield of Ch. morifolium. The yield of Ch. morifolium was the highest when the density was 8 000 plants/mu, but the effect of increasing yield would gradually decrease with the increase of planting density. With the increase of planting density, the N, P and Mg elements in flowers firstly increased and then decreased. The N element content in leaves increased gradually, which showed that increasing the planting density within a certain range could increase the absorption of N, P and Mg elements in flowers and leaves of Ch. morifolium. The contents of rutin, chlorogenic acid and 3,5-O-dicaffeoyl quinic acid in Ch. morifolium showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with the increase of planting density. When the planting density was 5 500,5 000,3 750 plants/mu, the content of chlorogenic acid, rutin and 3,5-O-dicaffeyl quinic acid had the maximum value. The content of luteolin in Ch. morifolium decreased gradually with the increase of planting density. When the planting density was 7 143 plants/mu, the content of luteolin was the minimum. Considering factors such as yield and active ingredient content, the cultivation density of 5 000 plants/mu(row spacing 40 cm×30 cm) can be selected for standard planting of Ch. morifolium.
Chrysanthemum/growth & development* ; Flowers/chemistry* ; Phytochemicals/analysis* ; Plant Leaves/chemistry*

To study the non-flavonoids chemical constituents in water extract of Spatholobi Caulis. Some purification and analysis techniques like silica gel, D101-macroporous adsorptive resins, and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatographies as well as reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography were used to isolate and analyze the phenolic acid esters and other type compounds from Spatholobi Caulis integrally. The structures of these compounds were identified by spectroscopic techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance and high resolution mass spectrometries. Twenty-seven compounds, including phenolic acid, coumarin, lignan, terpene, alkaloid, and steroid compounds, were isolated from ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions in water extract of Spatholobi Caulis, and they were identified as β-sitosterol(1), feruli acid methyl ester(2), syringaresinol(3),(+)-medioresinol(4),(+)-epipinoresinol(5), p-acetylphenol(6), bolusanthin Ⅳ(7), evofolin B(8), salicylic acid(9), trans-p-hydroxy-cinnamic acid(10), abscisic acid(11), m-hydroxyphenol(12), C-veratroylglycol(13), p-hydroquinone(14), 8,9-dihydroxymegastigma-4,6-dien-3-one(15), p-hydroxybenzoic acid(16), 6,9-dihydroxymegastigma-4,7-dien-3-one(17), protocatechuic acid(18), protocatechuic acid methyl ester(19), 5,7-dihydroxycoumarin(20), isolariciresinol(21), nicotinic acid(22), daucosterol(23),(+)-pinoresinol(24), stigmasterol(25), allantoin(26) and koaburaside(27), respectively. Furthermore, compounds 2-15, 19-22, 24 and 26 were isolated from genus Spatholobus for the first time.
Drugs, Chinese Herbal/analysis* ; Esters/analysis* ; Fabaceae/chemistry* ; Hydroxybenzoates/analysis* ; Mass Spectrometry ; Phytochemicals/analysis*

Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex( MOC),the stem bark of Magnolia officinalis( MO) and M. officinalis var. biloba( MOB),is a main ingredient in more than 200 types of Chinese formulae commonly used in clinics. MO and MOB are widely distributed in China,from Sichuan of the west to Zhejiang province of the east and from Shannxi province in the north to Guangxi province in the south. This review summarizes new findings on geo-heralism of MOC concerning textual research,plants taxonomy,genetic study,chemical study,and pharmacological activity,resulting in the following views. ①The original plants of MOC are suggested to be divided into three geographic clans according to the form of leave and the result of genetic research; ②Concentrations of magnolol,honokiol,magnoloside A,magnoloside B,magnoflorine,and β-eudesmol in samples collected from different geographic areas are varied;③Samples of MOC produced in Hubei and Sichuan were traditionally regarded as Dao-di herbs,which were called Chuanpo,and the pure haplotype of MOC produced in Hubei may become a genetic index.
Biphenyl Compounds ; analysis ; China ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; Lignans ; analysis ; Magnolia ; chemistry ; Phytochemicals ; analysis

In order to clarify the characteristic components of Berberidis Cortex,the preparative liquid chromatography and spectral analysis methods were used to separate and identify the unknown components in the water extract of Berberidis Cortex. Two compounds were isolated and identified as bufotenidine and ferulic acid 4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside. They were both isolated for the first time from Berberidis Cortex and Berberis. In addition,an HPLC method was successfully established for simultaneously determination of six compounds in Berberidis Cortex,and chemometric methods were used to study the chemical differences among three main species of Berberidis Cortex. The results suggested that jatrorrhizine and bufotenidine are the main difference compounds among the three species.Compared with B. kansuensis and B. diaphana,B. vernae contains significantly more jatrorrhizine(P<0. 01),and the content of bufotenidine in B. vernae was significantly higher than that in B. kansuensis(P<0. 05). Considering these results,further research is necessary to reveal the pharmacological activities of bufotenidine and the pharmacodynamic differences between the three species. The results could provide a reference for quality control,the basic research on effective substances,and development of Berberidis Cortex.
Berberine ; analogs & derivatives ; analysis ; Berberis ; chemistry ; classification ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Phytochemicals ; analysis ; Plant Extracts ; analysis

The phenolic constituents of Wikstroemia chamaedaphne were investigated by various column chromatographic methods including silica gel,Sephadex LH-20,ODS and preparative HPLC,and their chemical structures were identified by physico-chemical properties and spectral analyses. Thirteen phenolic compounds were isolated and elucidated,including five flavonoids: luteolin 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(1),luteolin 4'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(2),kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(3),chrysoeriol 4'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(4),chrysoeriol(5); and eight lignans:(-)-secoisolariciresinol(6),acanthosessilin A(7),(-)-nortrachelogenin(8),(+)-isolariciresinol(9),sesamin(10),syringaresinol(11),(+)-epipinoresinol(12),and [3,3',4,4'-tetrahydro-6,6'-dimethoxy-3,3'-bi-2 H-benzopyran]-4,4'-diol(13). Compounds 1, 3, 5-8, 10, 11 and 13 were obtained from the plants of W. chamaedaphne for the first time,and compounds 1,5,7,10 and 13 were obtained from the Wikstroemia genus for the first time.
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Flavonoids ; analysis ; Molecular Structure ; Phenols ; analysis ; Phytochemicals ; analysis ; Wikstroemia ; chemistry